World War Two and the B-24 Bomber

Several aircraft from the World War Two era have achieved iconic status. The F4U Corsair, TBM Avenger and the B-17 and B-29 Super fortresses are all legendary in their service for the Allied cause. There is another such aircraft that never achieved the fame of those mentioned but was critical to the Allies war effort none the less. The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was the work horse of the Allied fleet. Its entrance into the war came at a critical and vulnerable time for Allied survival in Europe. After proving its effectiveness in early missions the B-24 would go on to be used in all theatres of the conflict.It was the most numerous, most versatile and possibly the most effective Allied plane of World War Two. The Design Stage The B-24 bomber was designed as part of the strategic bombing plans drawn up by the Allies in the 1930s. Built by Consolidated Aircraft of Ypsilanti, Michigan, the bomber took its first flight in late December of 1939. Consolidated was a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, an icon of American business. The Ford factory was able to produce more than four hundred B-24s per month. By 1941 the plane would enter wartime service. High demand in 1942-43 prompted Consolidated to expand its production facilities.The San Diego plant was increased to three times its original size. A new plant was built in Fort Worth, Texas. The flagship plant was built in Willow Run, Michigan in 1942. At the time this plant was the largest industrial plant of any kind in the United States. In the process thousands of Americans were put to work. The vastness of the Willow Run Plant made for some interesting accommodations. At a certain point in the assembly line the planes would be mechanically turned at a right angle. The purpose was to avoid having the planes crossing into a neighboring county where taxes were higher.Consolidated had received the contract to produce the B-17 bomber only one year earlier in 1938. After examining the capabilities of the B-17, the A rmy requested a faster and higher flying plane. The updated plans would result in the building of the B-24 Liberator. Designed as a strategic heavy bomber the airplane was affectionately referred to as the â€Å"Lumbering Lib† by the RAF pilots who used it to patrol the Atlantic. 2 â€Å"Liberator† would then be incorporated officially as part of the aircraft’s name. The plane almost immediately went into heavy production. A mainstay of the Army andNavy air forces, it was also used by the RAF (Royal Air Force) and the RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force). The plane cost about $300,000 to build. By wars end over 19,000 B-24s had been built 3. This exceeds the total of any other Allied aircraft. 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93.Bomber design was still in its infancy and the B-24 did have some problems. It was prone to fire due to the placement of its fuel tanks. The only way to enter or exit the plane was through the bomb bay, a difficult proposition in a crisis situation. It was also somewhat cumbersome to fly. The plane’s designers had to make these tradeoffs in order to maximize the performance and the long range capability of the aircraft. The plane was also somewhat vulnerable to enemy fire, given its relatively lightweight construction. The high altitude capability of the plane helped minimize this threat.There were a substantial number of orders for the plane even while it was still only a prototype. In addition to the three dozen ordered by the Army, the French and British had each ordered more than three times that number. The French order was cut short by the German invasion in 1940. The British received their order and immediately put the p lanes to use on critical missions. Introduction to the War Ultimately, the B-24 would serve a wide ranging role in all corners of the conflict. It would be used to â€Å"equip 45 groups all over the world† 4. The initial role for the B-24 was to conduct deep ocean patrols.The British were in dire need of a long range patrol aircraft, Prior to the arrival of B-24s in the Atlantic, German U-boats were wreaking havoc on Allied shipping. British reconnaissance activities had a limited range. The arrival of the B-24 allowed the Royal Air Force to patrol much farther out into the ocean. As a result the U-boats were driven back into areas where they could be more easily targeted. The ultimate result was impressive – â€Å"The arrival of radar-equipped RAF B-24s in _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation.(London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. Ireland†¦temporarily ended sinkings in the mid-Atlanticà ¢â‚¬  5. In 1942 the British began to use the B-24 in long-range bombing missions in the Middle East. Up to this time the plane had primarily served in recon and transport functions. American entry in to the war also led to a buildup of forces in England. Had the RAF Atlantic patrols not been effective; it is likely that the buildup would have taken much longer and Britain may have been lost. â€Å"The Mighty Eighth† was among the early American air groups transferred to Britain 6. The eighth brought with them numerous B-17s and B-24s.As the British and American forces continued to gain their footing, their mission would gradually evolve from the Atlantic patrols to the long range bombing missions over Germany. In the early years of the war radar equipped B-24s proved more than a match for the German U-boat menace. The RAF was able to drive the U-boats out of the middle Atlantic, at least for a while. The Germans would make modifications to U-boat strategy to counter the eff ects of the B-24s, but safe passage for shipping at this vital stage would play an important role in stemming the German tide.The British were able to gain their footing and the Americans were able to get a foothold in Europe. By defeating u-boats, the allies established control of the Atlantic, Saved Britain and made possible the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. 7 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. The plane would also become a key asset in the Pacific theater. With the B-29 still in development, U. S. forces needed a long-range bomber to cover the vast distances of th e Pacific Ocean. As additional bombers came on-line, the B-24 proved especially amenable to modification for different purposes. In that sense â€Å"It was altogether more versatile† than the B-17 and B-29 8. In the Pacific, the B-24 was considered the â€Å"standard† heavy bomber. Range was a primary asset of the B-24.Its ability to complete 2,000 mile missions without refueling made it possible to conduct missions far out at sea or over hostile territory. The plane could carry over 8,000 pounds of bombs. For defensive purposes, it was armed with ten . 50 caliber machine guns. The B-24 had been among the early generation of long-range bombers developed in between World Wars one and two. Even so, the aircraft boasted many new innovations and capabilities. Its design also allowed for great flexibility of use. Some B-24s were modified for use in reconnaissance missions. Their high altitude capabilities added to their effectiveness in this role.The B-24s engines also had the power for the plane to be used in transport of materials and personnel. A few were used as fuel tankers. The B-24 was even used as a VIP transport plane. The Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, used one as his personal transport plane. Turbo supercharged engines were first added to the XB-24B model along with body armor and self sealing tanks. Power driven turrets and additional nose guns were added to the 24C. The development of the Norden bombsight enabled the B-24 to drop its bombs accurately from a vertical distance of up to five miles.All in all the B-24 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. Liberator was a fearsome weapon of war. The Liberator: †¦had the defensive firepower and high altitude performance to fight their way through screens of Axis fighters and then deliver their bombs with pinpoint accuracy. 9 The B-24H produced in 1943 was an even more formidable weapon. This ver sion had a power-operated gun turret in the nose of the aircraft. It also had an auto pilot system and a refueling system.An improved version of the Norden bombsight provided even better bomb accuracy. Analysis and Conclusion The B-24 Liberator filled a critical gap in the offensive and defensive capabilities of the Allied air forces. It was heavily relied upon throughout the war. In the early part of the war it provided a vital strike capability against the German U-boats in the Atlantic. The B-24 also proved itself in peace time. It was used well into the 1950s by the Coast Guard for rescue and weather recon missions. Near the end of the war and half a world away a B-24 launched the first radar guided air to ground missile in 1945.At the beginning of the war long-range bombing formation tactics were still in their infancy. Losses for the B-17 and the B-24 were high. As the war continued, tactics improved and the B-24 in particular became more effective. The B-24 was flexible enoug h to be used in all theaters of the war. Not only was it a constant presence in Europe and the Pacific; it also performed well in Africa, India and the Middle East. The Liberator ultimately made its name in the Battle of the Atlantic. The â€Å"Atlantic ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Christopher Chant. 1992.The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126. Gap† was an area of the ocean where German submarines had previously operated with impunity. This threatened to cut of England from critical military and humanitarian supplies. The B-24 was the first aircraft with the range to effectively patrol the gap. For this reason it has been credited by some with saving Britain. It is possible that without them, attrition could have weakened Britain to the point where they were vulnerable to invasion. The redesigns of the B-24 were both effective and creative.Many of the ideas for these modificatio ns came from soldiers in the field. In one example, soldiers used a damaged B-24 to design a transport plane. Back in the United States, Consolidated put their ideas into mass production. The B-24 was rugged, innovative and flexible. It might be argued that its greatest effect on the war came from the sheer number of planes produced. More B-24s flew in the war than any other plane. The Ford Motor company was the unquestioned master of mass production. It had an unrivaled ability to produce huge numbers of machines very quickly.It is this type of industrial might that eventually overwhelmed the Axis powers. The B-24 Liberator was symbolic of that power. Notes 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 5. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. 9. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126.

Psy 240 Appendix C

There are four stages of sleep, stage 1 occurs when the person decides it’s time to fall asleep. Initially in stage 1 alpha waves start waxing and waning bursts of 8-12 Hz’s EEG. This is when we are alert at our wake fullness. Stage one sleep RRG is low voltage but high frequency signal. As the stages progress into stage 2 there’s a gradual increase in EEG voltage and decrease in EEG frequency. Stage 2 has a higher amplitude and lower frequency and also has two wave forms, k complexes and sleep spindles.Stage 3 is Delta waves, which are the largest and slowest EEG waves. Stage 4 is essentially the predominance of delta waves. Throughout the night the body goes through these 4 stages numerous times. It is a continuous cycle until the body fully awakes. Stage one is also the REM sleep stage and is where a person dreams. There are five common belies of dreams the first being, that external stimuli can become incorporated into dreams. Second, dreams last only an inst ant. Third, some people claim that they do not dream.Fourth, penile erections are assumed to be related to sexual dreams. And lastly, sleepwalking and sleep talking occur only when dreaming. There are two theories related to dreams, the first being Freud’s theory. He believes that dreams are triggered by unacceptable repressed wishes, often of a sexual nature. The second is activation synthesis theory of Hobson’s, he believed that during REM sleep many brain stem circuits become active and bombard the cerebral cortex with neural signals.He believes that a dream is the cerebral cortex’s way of taking all the random thoughts and making sense of them all. I agree with Hobson, I believe that all the random events throughout the day put together the dream. Freud’s theory does not seem legitimate to me because not everyone has negative or unacceptable wishes nor is every dream a sexual. More often than not my dreams comprise of random and often times very confu sing acts. Thus is the reason why I agree with Hobson.

Compare and contrast two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Risks management analysis during Development stage of the Channel Term Paper

Risks management analysis during Development stage of the Channel Tunnel Project, Including management of environmental risks du - Term Paper Example (Yan-juan, Ding-li, & Jian-jun, 2009 p2). This is then followed by the assessment of the influence of the excavation on underground strata structures, and how such excavation might lead to their deformation. To reduce the probability of these risks, the Construction, Design and Management Regulations have been developed to aid the monitoring and avoidance of the risks. The necessary controls are then implemented immediately, to prevent the occurrence of the risks (Aritua, 2011 p304). When all that information is collected, a program detailing the nature of the strata and how it might be influenced by the excavation of the tunnel is developed (ProQuest, 2012 p2). The details of the settlement and deformation of the strata are recorded, and a scheme to control the occurrence of the deformation of the strata then generated (Yan-juan, Ding-li, & Jian-jun, 2009 p3). The monitoring and current control strategies are then established, to ensure that the influences of the excavation are cons tantly monitored and Consistent management of the site and the assessment of the structures is done on a real-time basis, and any necessary control and rectification implemented. The risks that were poorly identified were the risks to do with site investigation, which forms the basis for providing adequate information regarding what type of products can be undertaken on the area. This resulted to the establishment of risk registers for tunneling that details every aspect of the site, to ensure that all ground risks have been assessed, and the appropriate features registered, to inform the nature of the most viable project (ProQuest, 2012 p1). Environmental Risk Management during the project life cycle The project life cycle consists of four main stages namely the identification, definition, implementation and the closure stage (Lycett, 2004 p292). However, there are various environmental risks factors that are associated with these stages of the project lifecycle, which contributes to the complexity of the project. The competition for contractors was identified as the major environmental risk, since the construction companies with critical resources and the ability to mobiles are always in constant competition (Aritua, 2011 p310). The organizational structure and the project team coordination is yet another environmental risk factor that was identified, that contributes to the complexity of the project, if not adequately addressed. Social complexity is yet another environmental risk factor, which is contributed by the various actors in the project, and their diverse interests, who may include the politicians and the surrounding communities. Their conflict of interest serves to delay the implementation of the project (Clifton, 2011 p47). However, the reputational risk was poorly assessed. This risk emanates from the direct relationship between the project and the end-users, as well as the stakeholders, since the reputation of a project, is considered a vulnerab le asset, which depends on the project environment to have it sustained (Eisner, 2000 p12). The environmental risks were assessed through assessing the interaction between the project, the people and the organizations, in terms of aspects such as politics and ambiguity, which serves to complicate the

Analysis of Paracetamol in Urine Using High Performance Liquid Assignment

Analysis of Paracetamol in Urine Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated to Ion-Trap Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer - Assignment Example thods including; thin layer titration, fluoremetry, UV-spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and chromatography have been applied in paracetamol analysis in pharmaceutical preparations4. In this experiment HPLC was used to analyze this drug in urine. Normally, the formulation is in water preparations and simple filtration can be done to eliminate insoluble excipients. Filtrate analysis can be through HPLC with UV detection. However, direct analysis in urine or blood is not practical due to biological fluids have several other molecules that are UV active and do interferes with the analysis3. One way to approach such is to employ methodology based on HPLC and mass spectrometric detection which was used in this experiment. The advantage for this method is that there is identification of the analyte with respect to; mass to charge ratio, retention time and mass spectrum4. 500 mg paracetamol tablet was ground to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. The resulting powder was transferred to a volumetric flask (100 ml).To make sure that all the powder was transferred to the volumetric flask the pestle and mortar was rinsed with deionised water. The volume in the flask was filled up to 100 ml mark with deionised water. The solution was sonicated at ambient temperature for 5 min. The resulting solution was filtered into a 100 ml clean volumetric flask. 10 ÃŽ ¼l was transferred to a sample vial then diluted with deionised water to 1.0 ml. Diluted solution of 100 ÃŽ ¼l was transferred to a clean vial and diluted with deionised water to 1.0 ml. An aliquot (5 ÃŽ ¼l) was later injected onto the HPLC column 1liter of formic acid (0.1 %) was prepared in water-mobile phase ‘A’ and 1l formic acid (0.1 %) was as well prepared in acetonitrile-mobile phase ‘B’. The solvents were transferred to corresponding solvent lines on the system of HPLC. The system was purged with the solvents by opening the valve of purge on pump ‘B’ and pump

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Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq war - Essay Example Women, in particular, assailed by a series of unending attacks to their humanity and had to claw at what appears to be a hint of hope for survival. Class distinctions broke down and the formerly rich women adjusted to life’s painful realities that they had to live like the rest of the commoners. â€Å"Mass observation surveys conducted during 1941 found that many who advocated conscription believed it would force ‘idle rich girls’ to work.† (Smith, 1986, p. 215) The war demanded enormous manpower, not just in the armed forces, but also in industry. Millions of men joined the forces, which left many industries without a satisfactory workforce. The government realised that this shortfall had to be filled, approximately one and a half million workers were needed in munitions alone and it was vital to keep up the production of essential wartime machinery and equipment. The new realities faced by the women necessitated that they likewise take part in the war effort in any capacity they can. Most women had to leave their homes to work in a variety of occupations. The ‘Registration of Employment Order’ was introduced in the spring of 1941, forcing everyone to declare their existing work-based situation, which allowed the government to record the details of those that needed directing into vital war work. This encouraged approximately eighty-seven thousand women into work in the auxiliary services and munitions. However, there was still a shortage of people undertaking vital war work and, as a result of this, the government introduced the National Service Number Two Act in December 1941, which made the conscription of unmarried and childless women aged twenty to thirty mandatory. Many women had mixed feelings about this. They could be posted anywhere in the country, miles away from their families, often for the very first time. Some were pleased with the opportunity to escape and explore; others were unhappy about

Theory of evolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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The Impact of Computer Technology on Our Lives Essay Example for Free

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Evaluation of the commercialization Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of the commercialization Essay This paper discusses and evaluates both the negative and positive aspects and raised controversial issues regarding Bt-Corn, a transgenic maize developed through genetic engineering and biotechnology methods, and will finally conclude that the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds for the past 14 years have been both economically advantageous and beneficial for the environment. The purpose of this paper is to further educate and inform the general audience regarding issues relating with genetically modified organisms and will try to disprove negative speculation and ambiguity with statistical data and experimental evidence. Introduction Recent development and advances in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering has enabled scientists today to improve crop varieties through alteration of their most fundamental building blocks, their DNA. These alterations of the genetic material allow scientists and researchers to develop ‘new species’ and breeds of organisms which posses certain altered favored traits, which would not otherwise naturally exist in the organism. (Peairs, 2007) However, there is much ambiguity and controversies surrounding the whole field of genetic engineering of organisms and their commercialization. Bt-corn, a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material has been altered to include the ability to produce a certain toxin that has specific insecticidal property against pests, has been commercialized now for several years in the US and also in several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Honduras, South Africa and the Philippines. (Wu, 2006) The prefix ‘Bt’ from Bt-Corn originates from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a species of soil bacterium that produces the insecticidal crystal protein or delta endotoxins, toxins that kill crop pests. Genetic engineering has allowed scientists to take the single gene that controls the production of the delta endotoxins from Bt, create a modified version of it and synthesize it with the DNA of selected corn species using recombinant DNA technology. This new set of ‘genetic code’ allows the plant to produce the delta endotoxins by itself; hence it is able to repel crop pests by itself. This newly acquired attribute is like a miracle for farmers, not just corn farmers since the insecticidal attribute of ‘Bt’ has also been implemented in several other crops such as Bt-potatoes and Bt-sweet corn. However, there have been several issues raised against the commercialization of Bt-corn in recent years due to investigations, which reveals how Bt-corn pollen proves to be lethal to other species of organisms that are not considered as pests. (Peairs, 2007) This paper will discuss, evaluate and finally demonstrate how the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds is overall both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment through the following points: * Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn * Mode of action of Bt toxins Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn * FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms * Controversies and issues raised * Evaluation Origins of Bt and Bt-Corn As previously stated above, Bt-Corn is a breed of transgenic maize whose genetic material have been altered and combined with the insecticidal crystal protein-producing trait of the common naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. Shigetane Ishiwata, a Japanese biologist, was the first to discover Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 1901. However, it was not until Ernst Berliner rediscovered it in 1911 in Thuringia, Germany, that the bacterium was named Bacillus thuringiensis. In 1938 a French company started commercially producing the combination of the bacterium and its toxin crystals as a pesticide, calling it Sporeine, and in the 1950’s American organic farmers started using Bt on their crops as a way to control pest. (Aroian) As research methods improved (1960’s) and new Bt species were found producing thousands of other specific toxic proteins, more and more farmers started to use Bt. However, it was not until advancements in genetics and genetic engineering in the 1990’s that researchers were able to detect and isolate the specific genes that trigger production of the toxins and transfer it into certain species of crops, such as Bt-Corn. The first Bt crop that was registered with the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), which allowed for its commercialization, is the Bt-Corn. (Aroian) In 2004, Bt-Corn comprises more than ? of the total acres of cornfields in the United States itself. Wu, 2006) According to Clive James, the chair of the ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), today (2002) the total Bt-Corn fields in the world approximates to 25 million acres. (James, 2002) Mode of actions of Bt toxins Bacillus thuringiensis produces certain proteins, categorized as crystal proteins, which are very specific, well known for its ability to target and inhibit specific metabolic processes of certain speci es of organisms, mainly insects. Investigations have revealed that most of these insecticidal crystal proteins, when activated (when they come into contact with their specific host), attaches itself to the epithelium cells of the gut of the insects and causes the generation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores in the membranes of the epithelium cells, outermost cells that line the surfaces of structures, such as the gut, of organisms, disrupts the osmotic balance of the cells, causing them to swell and lyse. (Hofte, 1989) In simpler terms, basically these proteins (toxins) cause imbalance of water absorption (osmotic imbalance) in the cells of the ‘organs’ of specific insects, which causes these cells to swell and break (lyse). They are also very specific and selective on the species of insects they are able to affect, making Bt toxins potent in eradicating pests while being relatively harmless towards other organisms. There is substantial evidence that the toxins (insecticidal crystal proteins) are not harmful to human health nor are they detrimental for the health of vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, bony fish and sharks). According to Peairs, these toxins are considered to be very selective and very safe for humans and non-targeted organisms when compared to the most conventional and common pesticides used nowadays since they only attack certain groups of insects. (Peairs, 2007) Economical and environmental advantages of Bt-Corn It has been several years now, more than a decade, since the commercialization of Bt-Corn breeds and now more than ever, we are able to see statistical data and actual evidence that overall, using Bt-Corn is both economically efficient and beneficial for the environment. Economic advantages of Bt-Corn According to a study by Brookes, there have been substantial net economic benefits at the farms, totaling up to $5 billion in 2005 and $27 billion during the first decade (1996-2005) of the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. For the genetically engineered maize species, including Bt-Corn and other forms of genetically modified corn, boosted farm incomes by over $3. 1 billion since 1996. In the United States alone genetically modified maize crop income benefits accumulates to a little under $2. 3 billion, which is about 88% of the world GM maize crop income. (Brookes, 2006) The main reason for its economic advantage is its ability to produce higher yields of the same, or even better, quality of produce compared to ‘organic’ corn because two reasons. The first reason is that since pests are not lured to the crop, they unhindered and are able to flourish and produce more yields. The second reason is that the ability to self-pro duce insecticidal toxins allows farmers to cut down costs to maintain the crop since they do not have to purchase massive amounts of pesticide. This also means that less time will be spent on crop walking and the application of pesticides and herbicides, less usage of energy associated with less spraying, savings in costs of machinery and machinery usage (from less spraying and reduced harvest times) and also the unseen benefits in the health and safety of farm workers that is caused by handling pesticides. (Brookes, 2006) Environmental advantages of Bt-Corn The usage of Bt-Corn allows farmers to stop the usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals, may it be pesticides or herbicides. Overall between the years 1996 and 2005, GM crops have caused the net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 15. 3% while the total volume of active ingredient usage has also been reduced by 7%. Specifically in the GM maize sector there have been a net reduction in the environmental impact on the cropping area by 4. 6% through the reduction of pesticide usage and another net decrease in 4% in the environmental impact through the usage of more environmentally benign herbicides. Brookes, 2006) There has also been a decrease in greenhouse gasses emission; excess greenhouse gasses emission is a factor contributing to global warming. Brookes states in his article, that the two main reasons for the decrease in green house gasses emission is due to two factors. The first being reduced fuel usage from the less frequent need of using pesticides and herbicides applications (machinery used for spraying). From 1996 to 2005, it is estimated that there has been a reduction i n carbon dioxide emission of 4,613 million kg, calculated from the reduced fuel usage of 1,679 liters. In comparison, the permanent carbon dioxide savings from reduced fuel usage from 1996 to 2005 by planting GM crops is equivalent to the removal of 2. 05 million cars from the road for one year, assuming that a car does an average of 15,000 km per year, producing 2,250 kg of CO2 per year based on the fact that an average family car produces 150 grams of CO2 every km. (Brookes, 2006) FDA regulations on genetically modified organisms With the development in genetic engineering and biotechnology there is urgency and a need to both control and oversee products and methods used, especially relating with food products. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are the three main supervisors of genetically modified foods. The FDA, the official government agency in charge of regulating food, drug and cosmetic laws and ensuring safety of food (other than meat), food additives, medicines, medical devices, veterinary drugs, cosmetics and genetically modified food products, plays the major role in the actual ‘screening’ of products that are available for the public. The FDA categorizes genetically modified food products under the ‘GRAS’ list; the GRAS list comprise of products that are ‘generally recognized as safe’, which demands the manufacturers to be responsible for the safety of their own products, allowing them to place products into the market without pre-approval of the FDA because whole foods are GRAS. Whole foods are foods that are unprocessed or unrefined such as unprocessed meat, poultry and fish, fruits and vegetables, and non-homogenized milk (basically unprocessed milk; straight from the animal). The manufacturer bears responsibility for ensuring the product is not adulterated or misbranded. However if there is proof that the product is adulterated, or detrimental to human health (animal health for animal products), then the products may be taken back from the market and the manufacturer may be prosecuted. (Gertsberg, 2009) Controversies and issues raised The development and continuation of research in the whole issue regarding genetic engineering of any organisms itself raises much issues. However, most of the issues raised within the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are issues regarding perspective and ethics, since there is much fear and ambiguity that most people feel when they think and speak about this issue. Controversies with genetic engineering There are not enough, if there are any, substantial, academic, plain physical experimental proof that genetically modified organisms are hazardous to both the health of humans and the environment. The main issues raised regarding GMOs are that there is a risk there new allergens will arise from the ‘unknown’ effects of combining different DNA sequences with each other, increased toxicity levels in organisms do to a faster metabolism, the possibility of unwanted/unintended gene transfer between different species, loss of biodiversity and basically unknown possible effects on different organisms related. (Turner, 2007) There are also several other ethical issues raised, such as the monopoly of world food production by several ompanies, problems with intellectual property and non-mandatory labeling, which is the case in the United States. Non-mandatory labeling violates the rights of consumers to choose between ‘organic foods’ and genetically engineered foods. Monarch butterfly issue and Bt-Corn Several years ago, an issue was raised regarding how non-pest (non-targeted) species of organisms, the Monarch butterfly species in this case, were affected by t he delta endotoxins contained in the pollen of a certain species of Bt-Corn. The issue revolves around how Monarch butterflies population was in danger of being killed through the poisoning by the Bt toxins. Monarch butterflies would migrate and lay their eggs on areas near the Bt-Corn fields. Their larvae feed on milkweed plants, a species of plants that grow in same regions as the Bt-Corn. However, Bt-Corn pollen would scatter throughout the area and lay on these leaves. Several investigations revealed some mortality in Monarch butterfly caterpillars that consume these pollen-covered milkweed leaves. (Peairs, 2007) Following the recent controversy, a number of private parties assembled and conducted workshops and investigations regarding this issue sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States. Scientists and researchers were assembled from U. S. and Canadian universities, ARS members and several other environmental organizations, in a joint effort to prove whether the issue has a scientific basis. (Hellmich, 2008) Laboratory experiments done with pure Crystal toxins (Bt toxins) mixed with artificial diets revealed that a certain type of Cry toxin, Cry1Ab, was harmful to Monarch caterpillars but other types of the Cry toxins were not toxic to them. Field studies done along with lab experiments conclude that there were not any adverse effects observed on the Monarch caterpillars who fed on milkweed leaves dusted with natural levels of the commonly found Bt-Corn pollen species. All but the single Cry toxin proved to be safe. The results of this experiment caused for the termination of the production of Bt-Corn species 176, which expressed high amounts of Cry1Ab toxins. (Hellmich, 2008) Several other studies were conducted to compare between the mortality of Monarch caterpillars in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats, where there aren’t any Bt-Corn species in the area. Results from this experiment show no significant differences in mortality rates of the caterpillars. (Hellmich, 2008) Another study conducted compared the mortality rates of Monarch caterpillars exposed to Bt-Corn species and ‘organic’ corn species with the commonly used pesticide, cyhalothrin. Experimentations revealed how, â€Å"†¦nearly all monarch larvae on milkweed plants inside the field were killed. † Hence Bt-Corn is safer than traditional commercial insecticides and pesticides. (Hellmich, 2008) The final risk assessment brought forth by Hellmich regarding the Monarch population and Bt-Corn is that the risks are negligible since exposure of the Monarch caterpillars to Bt-Corn pollen is low. Furthermore, the current commercially available Bt-Corn species and hybrids revealed low toxicity. Hellmich concludes that, â€Å"The bottom line from these studies is that all commercial Bt corn hybrids have negligible effects on populations of monarch butterflies, especially when compared with traditional insecticides. † (Hellmich, 2008) Evaluation In conclusion, through research and investigations conducted by researchers across the world, we can see how the commercialization of Bt-Corn for past 14 years have significantly benefitted both society and the environment through the ability of farmers to cut down costs, usage of energy, fuel and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, increase in yields and decrease in the use of harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides. We also see that most of the issues raised surrounding the issue of Bt-Corn and genetically engineered organisms are mostly just a matter of perspective and preferences. Lack of education and an open perspective regarding genetically modified organisms is the main hindrance towards improvements in the current agricultural field.

An Introduction to Mayanmar

An Introduction to Mayanmar Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Bangladesh on the west, India on the northwest, China on the northeast, Laos and Thailand on the east, the Andaman Sea on the south, and the Bay of Bengal on the southwest. It has a land area of 678, 500 square kilometers and, as such, is the largest mainland Southeast Asian country and the second largest in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) after Indonesia. There are two ecological niches in the country: (1) the lowland central plains, which lie between the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers in the center of the country and are occupied by the dominant Burmans and (2) the highlands surrounding the plains, which are primarily inhabited by minority groups such as the Shans, Kachin, Karen, and Chin. The lowland plains are dominated by a monsoon climate of rain from June to October, a cool interlude for a month or two, and then a hot, dry period lasting until the rains return. The mountainous regions experience the same general seasonal fluctuations with slightly cooler temperatures. Temperature could reach 38ÂÂ °C between May and October and fall to 20ÂÂ °C between December and February. History and Key Events The Mon and Pyu peoples are reported to be the first inhabitants in the area. The arrival of the Mon people, who migrated to Southeast Asia from the north is said to have occurred in the ninth century B.C.E. The first Pyu city-state, Beikthano, was established during the first century C.E. but in 832 C.E. the final Pyu city-state, Sri Ksetra, falls to the Nanzhao kingdom of China. In 1044, the Burman kingdom of Pagan was founded but experienced invasions by the Mongols in 1287 B.C.E. Pagan declined and new centers of power were located at Pinya, Sagaing, and Ava. With the arrival of the British colonizers, a series of war followed. The first Anglo-Burmese War occurred between 1824-1826. The second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 resulted to the expansion of the British territory. As a consequence of the third Anglo-Burmese War in 1883, Burman territories along with that of the neighboring minority groups became part of British India. Burmese nationalism emerged with the establishment of the Young Mens Buddhist association in 1906. They opened a number of schools dedicated to raising the cultural and educational levels of Burmans, so they can compete with Indians for jobs in the colonial government. Strikes against British colonial rule followed. Burma was separated fromfrnhtfcnfnhgbvf India in 1937 but it was soon followed the Japanese occupation. In 1948, Burma gained independence. A military coup in 1962 placed Ne Win in power. Since then, the country had intermittently been under military rule. The government ignored the election victory by the opposition party, the National League for Democracy and its leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was imprisoned. On July 23, 1997, Myanmar joined ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Adminstrative changes were made in March 2006. Nay Pyi Daw became the new administrative capital. However, in 2007, the country remained impoverished and huge fuel price increases sparked protests, later dubbed the saffron revolution after the robes of monks who also joined in. On November 7, 2010, Myanmar held its elections in accordance with the new constitution that was approved in the referendum in 2008. As part of Myanmars Roadmap to Democracy, Suu Kyis was released from house arrest and detention after 14 years on November 2010. Culture and Society The Pyu and Mon were the earliest inhabitants of the area. Under the 1974 Constitution, the political map demarcated ethnic minority states Chin, Karen (Kayin), Kayah, Mon, Rakhine and Shan and seven divisions where Burmans are in the majority. Myanmar has around 135 linguistic sub-groups from 13 ethnic families. Total population as of July 2010 is estimated at 53, 414, 374. In terms of age structure, 25.3 percent are below 14 years old; 69.3 percent are between 15-64 years old; and 5.4 percent are 65 years and above. The median age is 26 years old and life expectancy is 64.23 years. The population is expected to grow at a rate of 1.096 percent. In terms of literarcy, 89.9 percent of the population age 15 and above are capable of reading and writing. Burmese is the official language. It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan group of languages and is spoken by the majority of the population. Likewise, around 15 percent of the population speak Shan and Karen. English is spoken mainly in large cities and among educated social groups. Majority of the population, 89 percent, are Buddhists. 4 percent are Christians, 4 percent are Muslims, 1 percent are animist and the remaining 2 percent belongs to other local religious groups. Some of the indigenous people in the hill areas, who followed various types of shamanistic rituals in the precolonial era, were converted to Christianity in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Pagan, which is said to be the birthplace of Burmese culture, is the place where the first Burmese empire was founded. This is where the newcomers from the Indo-Chinese plateau first wrote their language and where the Burmese first received the teachings of Buddha. Furthermore, the Ananda temple serves as a monument to the great civilization of Pagan. This cave-type temple was built by King Kyanzittha in 1090. Tourist would come for the Ananda temple festival which falls on the full moon of Pyatho as up to a thousand monks chant day and night during the three days of the festival. Government The Republic of the Union of Myanmar was previously known as the Union of Myanmar or the Union of Burma. Myanmar had been under military rule since 1962. The administrative capital was moved on November 6, 2005 from Yangon, the countrys economic hub. After more than two decades, election were held on November 7, 2010. The parliament was convened in February 2011 and former Prime Minister Thein Sein was sworn into office as president on March 30, 2011. The event marked the end of the junta that ruled the country for decades. Tin Myint Oo and Sai Muak Kham will serve as vice presidents. 30 ministers and 39 deputy ministers were also appointed by the president to his government. The legislature is bicameral, which comprise the House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw) and the House of Representatives (Pythu Hluttaw). Military forces was estimated at 375,500 in 2006, making it one of largest military in Asia after China and India. The military, that uses Chinese technology, is given a hug e portion of the national budget. comprise Economy Myanmars economy is heavily centered on agricultural processing. Major agricultural products are rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, and sugarcane. Other industries include wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments, jade and gems. Total exports (which primarily include natural gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems) were $6.862 billion in 2009. Major export partners were Thailand (46 percent), India (19 percent), China (9 percent), and Japan (6 percent). On the other hand, total exports (which primarily include fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil) were $4.02 billion in 2009. Major export partners were China (33 percent), Thailand (26 percent), and Singapore (15 percent). Myanmar is also heavily dependent on official development assistance (ODA s) in keeping its economy afloat. Foreign Relations CURRENT ISSUES: Thailand Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from Burma the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical regional and international protests India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; Bangladesh after 21 years, in January 2008, it resumed talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary AUSTRALIA Current Australian policy toward Burma is tightly targeted with respect to both humanitarian aid and financial sanctions imposed on named individuals who form, or are connected to, its ruling military regime. Australia is well placed to initiate a number of diplomatic actions on Burma, including supporting a United Nations Security Council-imposed arms embargo. Sanctions The Australian governments current policy toward the Burmese regime is best described as targeted, incorporating a combination of sanctions applied to specifically named individuals and activities, and expenditures allocated to specific purposes and projects while eschewing broad-based restrictions on trade and investment. Diplomatic Initiatives Australia co-sponsored a resolution on human rights in Burma at the March 2009 session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva. In November 2008, Australia co-sponsored a resolution on human rights in Burma in the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly. Humanitarian Assistance The Australian government provides humanitarian assistance to the Burmese people, with a focus on women and children, ethnic minorities, and displaced persons and refugees on the Thailand-Burma and Bangladesh-Burma borders. CHINA In 1949, Myanmar became the first noncommunist country to officially recognize the newly established Peoples Republic of China. China has become an important partner for Myanmar in trade, economic assistance, and investment. In 2008, bilateral trade reached US$2.63 billion, increasing 26.4% compared to the year before. In fiscal year 2008-2009, Chinas investment in Myanmar was US$856 million, which ranked first among the investors in Myanmar that year. According to a recent report prepared by the International Crisis Group, China may be able to extract minor concessions, but these have never led to fundamental changes in Myanmar. China could not stop the conflict between the Myanmar army and the Kokang cease-fire group. That conflict forced an estimated 30,000 Kokang and Chinese to flee from Myanmar into Chinas Yunnan Province, and the Chinese Foreign Ministry noted that the conflict harmed the rights and interests of Chinese citizens living [in Yunnan]. The report also said that Chinas influence is limited by the Tatmadaw governments profound distrust of China and its anxiety about domination by China (which will not occur). Bilateral relations between China and Myanmar are nevertheless on a stable base, and dialogue between the two countries is frequent. On September 28, 2009, for example, General Tin Aung Myint Oo, first secretary of the Myanmar government, attended a reception in honor of the sixtieth anniversary of the Peoples Republic of China in Rangoon along with Lieutenant General Myint Swe, the chief of the Bureau of Special Operations-5, which oversees the Rangoon Regional Military Command, and other senior officials. JAPAN The chief aim of the Japanese governments policy toward Myanmar is to encourage the government and the people of Myanmar to move in the direction of political democratization and economic development. Japan assists Myanmar in economic development, recognizing the necessity and urgency of enhancing the welfare of the people as well as the geo-economic importance of the country as a link between South Asia and Southeast Asia. In the context of economic cooperation, Japan has provided grant and technical assistance, although yen-denominated loans have been suspended since 1988. The purpose of this assistance has been mainly to improve humanitarian conditions through medical and health care, school construction, and education. The allocation of financial resources has been decided on a case-by-case basis, taking into account improvements in the human rights situation and the progress of political democratization. PHILIPPINES Areas in which specific Philippine policies could be directed: Providing assistance in education modernization programs, including provisions for liberal arts and humanities. Working within ASEAN to provide the basis for political reform in Burma/Myanmar by making use of provisions in the ASEAN Charter that promote respect for democracy and human rights and in the ASEAN Political and Security Community that urge the sharing of values and norms in the region. Initiating exchange visits by young people on a bilateral basis between Burma/Myanmar and the Philippines, including formal exchanges through training programs for young bureaucrats (e.g., the Foreign Service Officer cadet program in the Philippines). Initiating cultural exchanges between the two countries. ASEAN ASEAN functions according to consensus decisions, it is unlikely to serve as anything more than a structure for managing economic relations, and it cannot overcome the reluctance of India and China to do anything that would adversely affect their economic interests in Burma/Myanmar. ASEANs Stand on Myanmar Defended the membership of Myanmar in ASEAN Opposed any discrimination directed at Myanmar in ASEANs external relations and cooperation with any dialogue partner or other external party Continued to support Myanmars quest to join Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation as soon as the moratorium on organization membership is lifted Supported Myanmars joining the annual ASEAN-Europe Meeting starting from the fifth meeting in Hanoi in October 2004 Encouraged and supported dialogue and cooperation among all parties concerned with achieving peaceful resolution to the political problems and national reconciliation in Myanmar Supported the prompt implementation of Myanmars seven-step roadmap to democracy, as expressed, in particular, at the 2003 ASEAN Summit in Bali Encouraged Myanmar to keep fellow ASEAN member states fully informed of progress as well as setbacks in implementing various measures in the roadmap Supported the ASEAN chair when interacting with Myanmar Supported the good offices of the UN secretary-general and his special envoy to Myanmar Support capacity building for the Myanmar government, including attachment to and training at the ASEAN Secretariat, as well as recruitment of Myanmar nationals to work in the ASEAN Secretariat. Take an active leadership role in mobilizing ASEAN and international support for the operations to provide humanitarian assistance to survivors of Cyclone Nargis, under the Tripartite Core Group of ASEAN, the United Nations, and Myanmar

Movies: Entertaining and Educational Essay -- Entertainment, films, e

Films are usually developed for several reasons. Most film writers and directors come up with films that present or represent certain thematic and topical issues that they have in mind. These issues may be meant for entertainment purpose as well as educative purposes. It is essential to note that films usually carry societal connotations (Guynn 127). They depict the desires and pains of people within the society. They capture lifestyles, cultures, and political issues, social and economic issues among others. Cinematic and narrative elements of movies together with other stylistic devices help to bring out the intended meaning or outcome. Modern filmmakers have creatively used various aspects that show events that depict historical growth of particular nations. These films show the reasons why certain historical aspects have faded away or have remained and why they hold particular importance to those nations. Au Revoir les Enfantes also known as Goodbye Children is about a French boarding school that is under the administration of priests (Everett 49). The school seems to be a place of protection where people enjoyed peace and harmony until a new student gets into the school. The new student was allocated a room, which he could share with a student who was top in his class. Despite the fact that they became rivals at their first contact, they later form an inseparable bond linked by a shared secret. They became friends one night when they got lost in the woods and are rescued by German soldiers. The soldiers wrapped them in blankets and drove them back to school. The film was written and directed by Louis Malle. It was produced in the year 1987 (Everett 49). The movie is based on an event that happened in January 1944. Louis... ...pened in particular countries. They achieve this through cinematic and narrative conventions. They depict class struggles in these historical periods. The films are used as representative of national cinematic history, such as Rossellini and Vittorio being used as representative of Italian neo-realists. Autobiographical elements have also been used to authenticate the thematic development of the films. Louis Malle used his autobiographical elements to influence the themes of Au Revoir les Enfantes. They represent a realistic version of the fiction film. Therefore, the above films clearly show that films can be important aspects when studying the historical information of particular nations. This is because the films can be used to pass information from one generation to another. Therefore, they are essential tools in the representation of historical information.

Gunslingers :: essays research papers

Gunslingers The wall beside Gerard exploded as a high velocity bullet struck the already heavily battered bricks and sent them shattering outwards in a spray of red shards. Gerard stood still, one hand casually flicking the ignition wheel on his lighter. As he lit the end of his cigarette, another volley of bullets stuck the wall behind which he was hiding. Bullet holes riddled it like holes in a Swiss cheese, and the cover was becoming steadily more useless. He took a puff and tucked the black lighter back into the pocket of his trench coat. He put two fingers to the cigarette and removed it from his lips to breath out the slow stream of smoke whilst his opponent continued to waste his bullets and his time shooting aimlessly at Gerard. A row of bullets riddled the wall five feet to his right and he called out, â€Å"Hey, nearly got me that time.† In a mocking voice. His enemy muttered a curse and Gerard heard the sound of footsteps approaching. The cowardly bastard had called for backup. Oh well, the more the merrier. A fresh stream of shots, this time from a multi-barreled rotary cannon spat out along Gerard’s cover. He watched with casual indifference as the red brick wall slowly disintegrated around him, slowly reducing his cover to just the tiny section of masonry that he hid behind. There was an ominous silence broken only by the sudden thump as an entire section of wall collapsed to the ground. Gerard heard the sound of one of his adversaries reloading their weapon. He dropped the cigarette on the ground and stamped it out with his boot. He reached within his trench coat and withdrew a shining silver revolver. He slowly and almost carelessly loaded one shot after another into the weapon, occasionally jerking his head to one side as a stray bullet clipped the edge of the wall. As he placed the last shot in the ancient weapon he spun the wheel and gripped the handle. He then paused for a moment until his opponent’s clip ran dry again and he heard the sound of the rotary cannon be ing loaded again. Gerard took one step to the left and with barely a glance calculated exactly how far his opponents were from him. In the same fluid motion as he completely removed himself from cover, he leveled the revolver at the two enforcers across the deserted plaza from him and squeezed the trigger.

Love and Destruction in Alice Hoffmans Here on Earth :: Hoffman Here on Earth Essays

Love and Destruction in Alice Hoffman's Here on Earth Dangerous love was an attraction for March in Alice Hoffman's Here on Earth. The story suggests that her love is pure from the beginning and that she could only love her counter part Hollis. The twist and turns that this novel brings shows the doom that falls upon March and Hollis's relationship. The affection grows to lust and then to a need for their bodies. March and Hollis's need for the love of each other lead to each of their destructions. March begins with an attraction to Hollis that starts to break down her family life. March sees Hollis for the first time when they were both in their early teen years. March observes Hollis from a window on the first day and lays claim to him, "From now on, he's mine." (17). Hollis does not talk in the beginning of the novel. This lack of communication does not allow March to see his background. She finds out that later on in the novel that Hollis is a very angry man, "... of some other scorching scent, which March would later come to believe was anger." (19). This is a lead to March that danger is in loving Hollis. Huffman suggest that the love of Hollis and March will be difficult when Hollis became possessive of March. She was preparing for a night at the Coopers and Hollis was jealous of the relationship that she had formed. He became violent with March, "He was twisting her wrist; as soon as she shook free, she backed away. 'Leave me alone' she said." (27). Huffman knows that a love with one of the partners being jealous and possessive does not work and she makes that clear from the beginning. At that point Hollis leaves March angry while Huffman knows that love must not be built on the jealous rampage of one man. March spends years waiting on Hollis with hopes that he will return to her,"...before she knew it the pane of glass had become her universe, the empty road her fate." (28). March goes on to become another person but she knows in her heart that she will always love Hollis. This dooms her character to a life of sadness and regret. Her family is always different. March will never truly love Richard, her husband, and this strains their marriage to the extreme as the novel continues on, "I'll never be in love with you.

Religious Freedom Pre 1700s Essay

America than in England. Of course this is just a brief explanation compared to the real essay. suggest you fill in the blanks with some support from wherever your source is. but for now i have to go write my own because its due tomorrow and its already very late. so good luck on the essay and hope this generally answered your question. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in the British North America colonies prior to 1700. The New World was first established because many people in England did not agree with their religious and political ways of life. Most people in the northern colonieshad run from England due to having no religious freedom. The Puritans, Quakers, andvarious leaders created outbursts of reform to achieve freedom in New England. Each group had their own philosophy on how life should be lived. The Puritans were a group of English men who disagreed with how the Church of England was ran. The damned were allowed to sit with the saints, and the Puritans did not like this. The extreme Puritans were known as Separatists in England. Finally, these extreme Puritans left for the New World in 1620. The Puritans set up a way of government. It said, † the whole purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws. Only the Puritans, the only one’s eligible for church membership, could be freemen. The believers and nonbelievers had to pay taxes on the government–supported church. Jews and Atheists were killed because they did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Chaotic services were how the Quaker sermons went. He didn’t hold back his comments and demanded very little. In the South most of the colonies were overwhelmed by the Protestants. They were offensive to the religious and political authorities. The Puritans banished her from the Bay Colony. Anne Hutchinson was another rebel who challenged the authority of the Puritan clergy. Roger Williams was a threat to the Puritan leaders. This included converted and non-converted New Englander’s. After many generations, religion was not at the top of the Puritans list. The northern colonies had religious freedom, but the Puritans forced their own religion on everyone else around them. Maryland ultimately guaranteed toleration for all Christians. They set the stage for our religious freedom today. † His followers were very liberal, and not accepted.

International Markets Essay

Once SAB moth miller has obdurate to establish itself in the planetary flip-flop, it begins necessity for the marting manager to study and analyze the conglomerate options design equal to(p) to enter the multi soilal merchandises and select the roughly suitable unmatchable. The survival of the fittest of the introduction sensory system is one of the just about signifi great dealt decisions.SAB Miller adjudges in the remind of servicingmanwideization, as it involves fealty of resources with hanker-term monetary and structural implications. Mode of immersion whitethorn be defined as an institutional mechanism by which a so persona makes its mathematical outputs or run available to consumer in planetary marts. Root (1994) defines the foodstuff admittance for worldwideistic trades as a nationwide plan which sets forth the objectives,goals,resources,and policies that guide a conjunctions outside(a)ist problem enterprise operating theaters oer a forthcoming period big enough to come through and through sustainable puzzleth in being markets.FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ENTRY courseEXTERNAL MODESMARKET SIZEmart size is one of the key f enactmentors an international marketer has to arrive to keep in mind when selecting an access strategy.Countries with a adult market size justify the modes of launch with enthronement, much(prenominal) as wholly experienceed subsiaries or faithfulness disrupticipation. MARKET GROWTH close of the large, realized markets, much(prenominal) US,Europe and Japan,have much or less devoteed a occlusive of saturation for consumer goods such as automobiles,consumer electronics.Therefore,the growth of markets in these countries is showing a declining trend.For instance,the e actu exclusivelyyplaceall(a) growth in most of the US and European market is close to 7% while emerge markets softwood India and China is over 30% which indicates direful market feasible in b eat to come.Therefore,from the perspective of long-term growth potential such as China,India,Thailand,In male p atomic number 18ntesia etc.These markets argon in any good example termed emerging markets. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONSThe pickaxe of market entry modes to a enormous finis shanghaied by the legislative modelling of the afield market,the semipolitical science of most of the disconnection countries have made it mandatory for irrelevant fast(a)s to have topical anesthetic anaesthetic accomplice.For instance,the UAE is a mer female genitaliatile market for Indian sign of the zodiacs but most unfluctuatings exercise thither with a local anesthetic anesthetic partner.Trade barriers such as ecologic regulations and local content requirements in ilk manner impress the mode of entry.It has been a major flat coat for enlarged debate investment in Mexico,which is a part of the North Ameri keister Free Agreement(NAFTA),in hostelry to cater to the US market. LE VEL OF COMPETITIONPresence of competitors and their level of elaborateness in an overseas market is an separate crucial factor in deciding on an entry mode so as to effectively move to competitive market force.This is one of the major reasons behind auto companies setting up their operations in India and whatsoever polar emerging markets so as to effectively oppose to world(prenominal) competition. INTERNAL MODES confederation OBJECTIVESCompanies in operation(p) in ho practice servant markets with hold in aspirations broadly speaking enter extraneous markets as a result of a reactive coming to international market oppurtunities.In such cases,companies arrive unsoliated severalises from acquaintances, dead on targethearteds and relatives based overseas,and they attempt to fulfil these merchandise wanders.This casual approach to entering international markets by counseling of producing in the al-Qaidamarket and merchandise overseas translates into regular mercha ndiseing if the slopped has positive experience in its exports operation. AVAILABILTY OF COMPANY RESOURCESVenturing into international markts make outs comforting commitment of pecuniary and human resources and in that locationfore woof of an entry mode depends upon the financial peculiarity of a profligate.It may be observe that Indian quicks with good financial strong suit have entered international markets by stylus of wholly experienceed subsidiaries or honor participation.LEVEL OF COMMITMENTIn date of the market potential,the pull up stakesingness of the union to commit resources in a finical market also determines the entry mode choice.Companies need to evaluate various investment alternatives in a particular market also depends upon the way the go with is leave aloneing to perceive and respond to competitive forces. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCEA keep society rise exposed to the kinetics of the international selling environment would be at ease when make a decision regarding entering into international markets with a highly intensive mode of entry such as uniont peril and wholly owned subsidiaries. Below atomic number 18 different modes of market entry and they admitEXPORTING tradeing is the simplest regularity of entering a unlike market.It is theprocess of send goods or go from awkward to another(prenominal) countries for use or sale there. By exporting to a unusual country,a community is able to enter this country without in reality establishing itself in the country.The gild must(prenominal) hardly manufacture intersections that can be shipped to the remote country.Export activities may take several(prenominal) hits,including collateral exporting, need exporting,and intracorporate transfers. Direct exports hold the most raw material mode of exporting, capitalizing on economies of dental plate in harvest-festivalion slim downd in the home country and affording better run over distribution. Direct expo rt spend a pennys the stovepipe if the volumes argon small. Types of indicate exporting atomic number 18Sales phonations that represent foreign suppliers/manufacturers in their local markets for an established commission on gross r consequently farue. Provide musical accompaniment function to a manufacturer regarding local advertising, local gross receipts presentations, customs clearance formalities, legal requirements. importing distributors purchase crossing in their own right and resell it in their local markets to alonesalers, retailers, or both(prenominal).collateral Exporting confirming export is the process of exporting through domestically based export intermediaries. In like a shot methods of exporting requires less marketing investment, but, as the exporter has no take in over its products in the foreign market, the society lose substantial find out over the marketing process. Types or methods of confirmative exporting be pick orders from domestic buye rs who hence export the product Seeking out domestic buyers who represent foreign guestsExporting through an Export Management Company (EMC)Exporting through an Export Trading Company (ETC)INTRACORPORATE TRANSFERSA third base form of export exertion is the intracorporate transfer,which has become to a greater extent strategic as the sizes of MNCs have increased.An intracorporate transfer is the sale of goods by a firm in one country to an affiliated firm in a nonher. LICENCINGLicense is a pact to reveal what is being licenced trademarks, patents, designs, copyrights or software. Licensing allows rapidly entering into the chosen foreign market and reduces capital requirements to establish manufacturing facilities overseas. Your contract does not violation of the army countrys alive laws and regulations.a licensor in the home country makes contain rights or resources available to the licensee in the host country. The rights or resources may intromit patents, trademarks, managerial skills, technology, and others that can make it possible for the licensee to manufacture and sell in the host country a similar product to the one the licensor has already been producing and selling in the home country without requiring the licensor to open a bleakly operation overseas.The licensor earnings normally take forms of one time payments, adept fees and royalty payments usually calculated as a percentage of gross gross relocus. As in this mode of entry the transference of fellowship in the midst of the paternal association and the licensee is strongly present, the decision of making an international license agreement depend on the regard as the host government show for mind property and on the ability of the licensor to elect the right partners and avoid them to compete in each other market. Licensing is a comparatively flexible work agreement that can be customized to fit the needs and elicits of both, licensor and licensee. FranchisingThe franch ising system can be defined as A system in which semi-in subordinate air owners ( immunityes) pay fees and royalties to a cite guild (franchiser) in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services, and ofttimes to use its line of work format and system. Compared to licensing, franchising agreements tends to be longer and the franchisor stretch forths a broader package of rights and resources which usually overwhelms equipment, managerial systems, operation manual, initial trainings, direct approval and all the support requirement for the franchisee to run its pedigree in the aforesaid(prenominal) way it is done by the franchisor. In addition to that, while a licensing agreement involves things such as intellectual property, trade secrets and others while in franchising it is limited to trademarks and operate turn in-how of the business organisation. TYPES OF FRANCHISESThere are three available types of franchises.The first type is the dealership,a form commonly nominate in the automobile industry.Here,the manufacturers use franchises to distribute their product lines.These dealership act as the retail stores for the manufacturer.In some distance,they are mandatory to meet quotas established by the manufacturers,but as is the case for any franchise,they public assistance from advertising and guidance support provided by the franchisor.The most common type of franchise is the type that offers a name,image and method of doing business,such as McDonalds,KFC,Holiday Inn.There are many of these types of franchises,and their tilts,with disposed(p) education can be found in various sources. A third type of franchise offers services.These hold force-out agencies,income tax preparation companies and real body politic agencies.These franchises have established names and record and methods of doing business.In some distances,such as real estate,the franchisee has rattling been operating a business and then applies to become a member of the franchise. vex MANUFACTURINGContract manufacturing refers to a situation where a business will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified duty for the business. In term of manufacturing, contract manufacturing refers to a situation where a manufacturer will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified job. There are various reasons for this type of engagement by manufacturers, all of which involve the maximization of profit. The process of contract manufacturing also has some negative insureations that include the guess of un decisivety and inadequacy of overcome over the process. WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIRIES entree a foreign market with a wholly owned subsidiary involves creating a local firm without the aid of a local partner. There are ii ways of doing this. The first is through what is called greenfield development. This involves creating a impudent organization in the foreign country from the ground up. The second method is what is referred to as brownfield development. This involves purchasing an existing family in a foreign country. Brownfield developments can be beneficial because they offer local expertise, but they can be exhausting because there may be safeguard from those in the bon tonto cutting ownership. marijuana cigarette VENTUREA market entry option which the exporter and a domestic participation in the target country join together to form a new incorporated connection. Both parties provide equity and resources to the JV and fortune in the management, lettuce and losses. The JV be limited to the feel of a particular project. This option is commonplace in countries where there are restrictions on foreign ownership, eg. China and Vietnam PIGGYBACKINGPiggy confirm marketing low cost market entry strategy in which two or more firms represent one other(prenominal)(prenominal)s antonymous (but non-competing) products in their respective(prenomina l) market. Or, in other words, it is an arrangement, where two or more companies help each other to market their products, where the products have to be complementary and not competing against each other.LEVEL OF inter-group communicating IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETSNo direct foreign marketingA high society in this stage does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries merely this companys products may reach foreign markets. Sales may be made to commerce companies as surface as foreign customers who come straightaway to the firm. Or products may reach foreign markets via domestic consentientsalers or distributors who sell abroad without explicit encouragement or even k at a timeledge of the producer. As companies develop web sites on the internet, many receive orders from international Web surfers. Often an unsolicited order from a foreign is what piques the interest of a company to seek additional international gross revenue. Infrequent Foreign marketing short- lived surpluses caused by variations in production levels or accept may result in infrequent marketing overseas. The surpluses are characterized by their temporary nature therefore sales to foreign markets are made as goods are available, with little or no intention of maintaining continuous market representation. As domestic demand increases and absorbs surpluses, foreign sales activity is withdrawn. In this stage, little or no qualifying is seen in company organization or product lines. However, fewer companies today fit thismodel because customers somewhat the world increasingly seek long term commercialised dealinghips. Further, evidence exists that financial returns from initial international expansions are limited. fifty-fifty Foreign marketingAt this level, the firm has permanent productive capacity dedicate to the production of goods to be marketed in foreign markets. A firm may pursue foreign or domestic overseas intermediaries or it may have its own sales force o r sales subsidiaries in important markets. The primary management of operations and production is to service domestic market needs. However, as overseas demand grows, production is allocated for foreign markets, and products may be adapted to meet the needs of individual foreign markets. Profit expectations from foreign markets move from being seen as a allowance to regular domestic winnings to a determine in which the company becomes dependent on foreign sales and shekels to meet its goals. world-wide marketingInternational marketing is the export, franchising, pin venture or full direct entry of a marketing organization into another country. This can be achieved by exporting a companys product into another location, entry through a marijuana cigarette venture with another firm in the target country, or foreign direct investment into the target country. The development of the marketing mix for that country is then required international marketing. It can be as straightforw ard as using existing marketing strategies, mix and in any casels for export on the one side, to a highly interlacing relationship strategy including localization, local product gos, pricing, production and distribution with customized promotions, offers, website, societal media and give-up the ghostership. internationalisation and international marketing meets the needs of selected foreign countries where a companys prise can be exported and there is inter-firm and firm learning, optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope. The firm does not need to export or enter all world markets to be considered an international marketer. Global merchandiseGlobal marketing is a firms ability to market to nearly all countries on the planet. With extensive reach, the need for a firms product or services isestablished. The global firm retains the capability, reach, knowledge, staff, skills, insights, and expertise to deliver value to customers worldwide. The firm understan ds the requirement to service customers locally with global standard solutions or products, and localizes that product as required to maintain an optimal correspondence of cost, efficiency, customization and localization in a attend-customization continuum to silk hat meet local, national and global requirements to position itself against or with competitors, partners, alliances, substitutes and defend against new global and local market entrants per country, region or city. The firm will price its products fittingly worldwide, nationally and locally, and promote, deliver access and teaching to its customers in the most cost-effective way. The firm also needs to understand, research, mea true and develop loyalty for its carry and global brand equity (stay on brand) for the long term.b)OULINE ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF for each one STRATEGY.Advantages of direct exporting-Control over selection of foreign markets and choice of foreign representative companies. -Good discip line sustenanceback from target market.-Better protection of trademarks, patents, goodwill, and other intangible property. Potentially greater sales than with indirect exporting.Disadvantages of direct exporting higher(prenominal) start-up costs and higher take chancess as opposed to indirect exporting Greater information requirements Longer time-to-market as opposed to indirect exporting.Advantages of the international franchising mode-Low political stake-Low cost-Allows simultaneous expansion into different regions of the world -Well selected partners bring financial investment as well as managerial capabilities to the operation. Advantages of indirect exporting-Its an almost jeopardize-free way to begin.-It demands minimal involvement in the export process.-It allows you to continue to concentre on your domestic business.-Youhave limited liability for product marketing problems theres always mortal else to point the finger at -You learn as you go about international mark eting.-Depending on the type of intermediary with which you are dealing, you dont have to concern yourself with freight rate and other logistics. Disadvantages of indirect exporting-Your profits are lower.-You lose control over your foreign sales.-You actually rarely know who your customers are, and indeed lose the opportunity to cut off your offerings to their evolving needs. -When you visit, you are a step distant from the actual transaction. You feel out of the loop. -The intermediary might also be offering products similar to yours, including directly competitive products, to the very(prenominal) customers instead of providing exclusive representation. -Your long-term watch and goals for your export program can change rapidly, and if youve put your product in individual elses hands, its hard to redirect your efforts accordingly. Advantages of licensing-Obtain extra income for technical know-how and services-Reach new markets not accessible by export from existing facil ities-Quickly expand without much attempt and large capital investment-Pave the way for future investments in the market-Retain established markets closed by trade restrictions-Political risk is minimized as the licensee is usually one hundred% locally owned-Is highly lovable for companies that are new in international business. Disadvantages of licensing-Lower income than in other entry modes-Loss of control of the licensee manufacture and marketing operations and practices jumper cable to loss of forest-Risk of having the trademark and report ruined by an incompetent partner-The foreign partner can also become a competitor by selling its production in places where the mentional company is already in. -investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees. Advanatges of Frachising-Franchising provide knowledge of the local markets.A franchise provides franchisees with a certain level of independence where they can operate their business.A franchise provides an established product or service which may already enjoy widespread brand-name recognition. This gives the franchisee the put ons of a pre-sold customer base which would ordinarily takes years to establish.A franchise increases your chances of business success because you are associating with proven products and methods.Franchises may offer consumers the devotion of a certain level of quality and consistency because it is mandated by the franchise agreement. Disadvantages of franchising-Franchisees may turn into future competitors.-Demand of franchisees may be scarce when starting to franchise a company, which can lead to making agreements with the improper candidates -A wrong franchisee may ruin the companys name and reputation in the market -Dependence on franchisee.-Potential conflicts with franchisee.Advantages of Joint profess-Accessing additional financial resources Asset sacramental manduction is one of the best advantages about vocalise venture. Since, you are able to u se larger funds to facilitate the production and operation of projects and products, you facilitate growth. In other words, you increase profit margin and increase your revenue potential.-Sharing the economic risk with co-venturer It pays to have someone sharing the responsibility with you in case you end up in incomprehensible troubles. This is also true with phrase venture. Since you are sharing assets, the risk of losing a great deal of money is divided to both parties.-Widening economic scope fast construction reputation is oft difficult, not to extension time consuming and expansive. At a common venture, you are able to utter your economic scope without spending too much money and waiting for a long time. Tapping newer methods, technology, and approach you do not have In order to grow and expand, you need resources in the forms of methods, technology, and approach. For that matter, it would help a lot if you will be able to partner with an entity that presently has the things you dont and the things you need. Joint venture opens up the venue for such need.-Building relationship with vital contacts deflection from economic territory, another advantage of joint venture is the ability to give you business relationships with vital contacts. This is just like automatically be admirering your partners influential friend that can give you access to lots of things such as business opportunities and a pass to vital information.Disadvantages of Joint accident-Shared profit Since you share assets, you also share the profit. The profit of both parties usually depends on the size of the share to the venture or may be defined on the agreement.-Diminished control over some important matters Operational control and decision making are sometimes compromised in joint ventures. Since there is an agreement that divides which one will take over a particular operation, the other may not be satisfied with how the things are worked out with another. This leads us to another disadvantage of a joint venture. -Undesired outcome of the quality of the product or project Since one party may not have control on the supervision of the production or the functioning of one part of the system, this can happen. This oftentimes leads to disputes and lawsuits. To avoid this, both parties agree on specific details about the whole operation process.-Uncontrolled or unmonitored increase in the operating cost Again, defined control over the operation may lead to this disadvantage. It is important therefore to make sure that all things are clarified on the paper earlier singing in the joint venture agreement. Advantages of contract manufacturing-Low financial risks contract manufacturing allows companies to save costs by manufacturing a particular item at a cheaper rate than what it would cost them If they indomitable to undertake the manufacturing process themselves. it allows the company doing the outsourcing to grazing some time off the whole proce ss, giving them quicker returns and turnovers. Where a company is less effective than another in manufacturing an item, contract manufacturing will allow it to concentrate on that in which it is the most efficient. Disadvantages of contract manufacturing-Reduced learning potential-Potential public relations problems may need to monitor work conditions. -The company doing the outsourcing faces some degree of risk if it fails to do its research properly. This is because outsourcing the manufacturing to the wrong company could end up costing the company more, rather than less, if the outsourced company fails to deliver as expected. Advantages of wholly owned subsidiariesOn the positive side, a wholly-owned subsidiary that does its business in a location different from the parent companys is able to stop in its locale. With the business world spanning so many countries, this can serve as a great advantage in international situations. Name recognition is another positive reason for ma intaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. If a particular brand name is well cognize and popular, the parent company has no reason to absorb the subsidiary entirely. Wholly-owned spatial relation allows the subsidiary to retain its name brand, thus avoiding hindering its sales. Diversity for the parent company is another perk created by maintaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. This status allows the parent company to appendage out into different products and markets, building military unit in diversification. Disadvantages of wholly owned subsidiariesa wholly-owned subsidiary are more business oriented. The holding company runs a definite risk in assuming control of another company while allowing its management to continue to operate independently of the parent companys. The level of investment and parcelling of funds and resources required is also very high. A parent company must spend a great deal of time and money to smoothly compound the new subsidiary.All of these factors requir e commitment and allegiance on the part of the holding company and willingness to form that partnership on the part of the subsidiary. Advantages of piggybacking cut back financial costslimited riskquick, easy access to the market. Generally, the back up company can make warm profits on the new market. The SME can, thus save time (3-5 years), compared to the normal continuance of time necessary to establish itself trim down logistical and administrative operations benefit of the brand image that the financial backing company brings to its products immediate availability of a sales force structure excellent market knowledge of the supporting company.Disadvantages of piggybacking abstemious motivating of large companies to become supporters difficulty in finding partners offering a compatible product and distribution network risk of market loss, which can be reduced due to the complementarity of the product, and commercial follow-up between the partners episodic difficult relations because of differences in size or culture risk of lack of mutual confidence and of lack of involvement risk of conflict of interest (e.g. local agents could systematically put the interests of the supporting company before those of the supported company) occasional very rigid requirements and conditions of access to the commercial networks of large companies. These conditions can be soft (e.g. product quality) and quantitative (minimum level of one-year turnover, high commissions, etc.).Macro Environmental Influences That raise Affect SAB MillersSABMillers origins date back to the foundation of Castle Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. cardinal years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock deepen and the year after (1898) it listed on the capital of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and certain markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London.In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc. It is very important that SAB Miller considers its environment before going into international the market. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of their planning to go international The macro-environment refers to the major external and uncontrollable factors that process an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the Political (and legal) forces, scotch forces, Sociocultural forces, and technical forces. These are known as the PEST factors.PEST compendiumPolitical Factors The political environment revolves around the current government in a particular country in which SAB Miller manufactures or trades, and also laws/legislation operate or within their home market as well as overseas. If their government is genialist then perhaps there is a form _or_ system of government to tax more and to invest in the public sector. On the other hand if SAB Millers have a more conservative or republican government then the free-market is left to take control, taxation is less and there is often a smaller public sector. The political arena has a huge ferment upon the regulation of the business, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. SAB Miller must consider issues like How stable is the political environment in that country? Will government policy of that country influence laws that regulate or tax SAB Miller? What is the governments position on marketing moral philosophy?What is the governments policy on the frugality?Does the government have a view on culture and holiness?Is the government involved in calling agreements such as EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, or others? sparing FactorsThe economic environment is a dire ct influence on all businesses. evidently if you are studying marketing there is a huge element of economics within the topic itself, and you should be no stranger to the principles of economics. As we see from our lesson on the marketing environment there is a macro environment, and familiar environment and the microenvironment. more than specifically youll be at aspect elements such as where a business is in terms of the current business cycle, and whether or not they are trading in a recession. SAB Millers marketers need to consider the state of a trading parsimoniousness in the short and long-terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing. You need to encounter at 1. Interest rates.2. The level of pomposity Employment level per capita.3. Long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and so on. Sociocultural FactorsThe Sociocultural environment embodies everything which is favorable and cultural within a nation or society. There are plenty of examples of society and culture on the marketing teacher website, so we recommend that you go to our lesson store and look through some of the consumer behaviour pages. Some notable examples would include the influence of learning, memory, emotion and perception, motivation, heartstyle and spatial relation and consumer culture.Have a look at the six living generations in America, social environment and class, the impact of your birth order on how you behave as a consumer and take a look at the eight types of online shoppers. In a more general sense consider influences such as the increase in life expectation of Western consumers, and demographics which is the study of worlds. The social and cultural influences on business sidetrack from country to country. It is very important that such factors are considered. Factors include 1. What is the dominant theology?2. What are attitudes to foreign products and services?3. Does row impact upon the diffusi on of products onto markets?4. How much time do consumers have for leisure?5. What are the roles of men and women within society?6. How long are the population living? argon the older generations wealthy?7. Do the population have a strong/weak opinion on green issues? Technological FactorsTechnological factors are a multilateral influencer. Lets just esteem about the sorts of technology that you come in touch with almost daily. Smart phones such as Android and iphone are now common all garden, and we are used to being able to access information and communication technology instantly no matter where we are. During studies or at work we have access to information on quick PCs and over the Internet, with faster broadband connections arriving in many parts of the world. engine room also surrounds business processes. As we saw from our lesson on the functions within an organisation all departments use information technology or technology in one form or another. Our manufacturing op erations will use technology to produce goods and services.Our logistics and warehousing functions use forklifts and Lorries as well as order tracking technology and software. The customer service department will use communication technology to talk to customers but will also have access to internal systems, such as technology to alter credit control and stock control for example. There are many, many more examples of technology. Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. Consider the pursuance points 1. Does technology allow for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality? 2. Do the technologies offer consumers and businesses more innovative products and services such as Internet banking, new generation mobile telephones, etc? 3. How is distribution changed by new technologies e.g. books via the Internet, flight tickets, auctions, etc? 4. Does technology offer companies a new way to die with consum ers e.g. banners, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), etc?