Dog Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dog - Research Paper ExampleWhy the dogs exhibit friendships with kind-hearted when all the other members of its species or family like the foxes or Jackals stay away from human beings?. Do dogs possess more intelligence than all the other animals? These are interesting questions one faculty ask. It is difficult answer the above questions without having a dog as a pet animal. Dog owners aim many stories to talk about the honesty, loyalty and intelligence of their pet dog. But others may not nourish such experiences. This paper is written based on my personal experiences with my pet dog. I dont know how my audience (those who are not interested in having pet animals or dogs) will do to my experiences because of their less knowledge about animal behaviors. I think they might not agree with my arguments. leastways this paper is written for convincing my audience about the intelligence and honesty of my pet dog (A Doberman). agree to S. Coren, author of The Intelligence of Dogs, th ere are three types of dog intelligence Adaptive Intelligence (learning and problem-solving ability), born(p) Intelligence and Working/Obedience Intelligence (The Intelligence of Dogs). I am living in a rural area and my domicil is surrounded by some big trees and herbs. Snakes are plenty in number around my house. We usually release our Doberman from its kennel during the night time because of the threats from thieves. One midnight, when all of us were sleeping, I woke up because of the continuous barking of our Doberman. I have opened the door and watched my dog trying to claim my attention towards him. I have examined all the surrounding and found nothing extra ordinary. When I well-tried to return to my home, my dog started to block my way and keeping a close look at a particular area around my home. I have realized that something was wrong and decided to make impendent look at that area. To my utter surprise I have seen a poisonous cobra resting near the doors of my house d og. My dog was making a conscious effort

My Position On A Healthcare Or Social Issue Essay

My Position On A healthcare Or Social Issue - Essay Exampleld be afforded quality healthcare is the important concern and how to go about it when most of these individuals are employed secretively without contributions to major healthcare services. From a personal view, I believe illegal immigrants should be granted the aforesaid(prenominal) quality healthcare alimentation as the American citizen regardless of their financial or career status.There are many risks associated with hospitals and clinical environments when dealing with illegal immigrants, as many diverse demographics of immigrants do not have access to the same variety of healthcare providers as those who contribute weekly to such programs through their place of employment. The risks include non-payment after(prenominal) services have been rendered or simply having this group exploit the system through fraudulent activities. withal though there are failsafes to prevent this, in areas of the res publica where there are concentrated populations of immigrants, this becomes a significant concern especially for the self-practicing physician networks that rely on timely revenues from patients.Illegal immigrants, especially authoritative ethnic groups, have braggart(a) family networks either domestically-born or travelling as a group into the country without governmental support. Poor wages and lack of access to quality healthcare providers, such as Health Alliance Plan or Blue Care Network, bring into question whether or not these large family groups will be pursuing medical treatment on an ongoing basis as naval division of preventative care services. There is already over-crowding in certain clinical environments which puts tremendous livestock on physicians and patients alike, thus these immigrants pose risks to the general community population.However, the reason I feel so strongly about the importance of providing healthcare to this group, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds, is due to my personal beliefs on the ethical value of serviceman beings. The American healthcare system is one of the most advanced in the

Rise the of Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rise the of Global Economy - Essay lessonSovereign Debt Crisis has a long history which goes much beyond the developing countries. During the Great Depression of 1930, oversight in debts came from France and UK. In 1956, Argentina had to face debt repayment problems which led to the formation of Paris Club. With borrowing having increase significantly during mid 1970s, Mexico in 1982 came up with measures to fight debt crisis. The hug drug 1980- 1990 was known as lost decade. In 1994 Mexico was hit by Tequila Crisis which passed to Latin the States and many other developing countries. Similar defaults in addition happened in 1997 in Russia followed by the biggest sovereign default in 2002 by Argentina when it defaulted $141billion (Dodd, 2002).Currently America is going through the worst economic crisis of all times. Bankruptcy of major American companies like frequent Motors, Ford and Chrysler, financial institutions like JP Morgan, the sub prime crisis has all together resulte d in the worst crisis of the American economy. There have been huge job cuts and consumer spending is at an all time low. Huge change by the government to bail out the bankrupt companies and other economies has led to huge debt on the treasury. In this context fear of sovereign default and currency crisis is all pervasive.National debt refers to the full(a) liabilities that government has. For US it is the sum total of all the outstanding debts that the Federal Government owes. Federal deficit refers to the difference surrounded by the quantity of money that the US government collects from the public called receipts in the form of taxes and other sources and the amount it actually spends referred to as outlays. Financial deficit has two parts, On-budget and Off-budget.The total debt can be regarded as the total of accumulated deficits and off-budget surpluses. The treasury needs to borrow money from the public in order to meet the on-budget

Fish Cheeks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fish Cheeks - study ExampleAmy Tan also demonstrates the power of culture and the need to be acceptable. She wanted a shrink American nose, and she was terribly embarrassed by her familys distinctively Chinese ways. This is because she grew up in America and had been immersed in its culture, and has come to believe, at least subconsciously, that the American way is the correct way. The essay provides us with an honest pictorial matter of the authors youthful self. The story dwells on the ever present clutch of cultural norms and the pressure of acceptability.I matte invited to consider how the totality of her life was like back then, when she so desired to be American and fit in, while the unfortunate truth was that she was trapped with her unmannered family, who became a source of embarrassment to her.The Chinese idea of table manners is burping after a meal to direct appreciation. At the prohibit of the meal my father leaned back and belched loudly, thanking my mother for her fine cooking. Its a polite Chinese custom to show you are satisfied, explained my father to our astonished guests. The minister managed to muster up a quiet burp. I was dazed into silence the rest of the night. This is totally at odds with the American idea of polite discreteness. She found that her favored dishes were becoming a source of her embarrassment in front of Robert, particularly when her father poked his chopsticks just infra the fish eye and plucked out the soft meat. Amy, your favorite, he said, offering me the tender fish cheek. I wanted to disappear. We can imagine the story having been told in a frenzied and excited manner the reflects how Amy felt back then, but she is reflective and calm throughout the story. She looks back at these events and simply tells the story without implying that she unsounded has leftover emotions from these episodes. She was embarrassed, but not anymore (a bit regretful mayhap).Amy tells us that she has learned from this experience. The reader is rewarded with a little moral, and a little irony at the end. You must be proud you are different. Your nevertheless shame is to have shame. her mother had told her. Now Tan is perfectly honest about her familys Chineseness, which she used to perceives as shortcomings. We get the idea that she now has a more mature and accepting attitude towards her family. She now realizes that during that Christmas dinner, perhaps the only person who did not act honestly was

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

History - Essay Examplew the nature of reality and truth (metaphysics) to understand how we know the things that we know (epistemology) the topper way to live (ethics) the best way to govern (political philosophy) and the workings of the universe and the natural world (natural philosophy, or science). The Hellenics were not the first elaboration to wonder about these matters or to explore them, but they make answering these questions such a thorough part of their cultural experience that they attained a very high level of intellectual onward motion across all these areas. Their curiosity and experiments contributed to the development of westward civilization. Thornton is especially interested in the ways that the Greek civilization laid the foundation for modern day scientific and political thought.Scientifically, Greek philosophers laid the ground for modern Western science. Long before the Manhattan Project and nuclear physics, the Greek philosopher Democritus argued that the world was made of footling particles he called atoms. The Greeks were interested in what things were made of A pencil was a pencil, but what was the pencil made of? Well, wood. And what was the wood made of? Though their answers werent always right, asking the questions was the most important step. And often, they were right Anaximander theorized that the universe was round (basing this theory on the shadow it casts on the moon during an eclipse) centuries before Columbus sailed the ocean blue. The Greeks establish their theories on a combination of scientific observation and rational thought, two things that form the basis of Western scientific innovation today. Most importantly, though, the Greeks gave Western science a passion for understanding the way that things work, and a willingness to make guesses and efforts in pursuit of that goal.The Western notion of government also owes much to the Greek model. Platos Republic outlines the model for a utopian society in which people are divided into groups

Communcation Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communcation - Movie Review ExampleThey ignored for each one other while the destination of the cardinal was the analogous. They were the graduate students of the University of Chicago. As it is said, First impression is the last impression. The clarity has appeared on the scene that they did not identical each other and they did not even verbally communicated with each other (Gupta).2. They had realized in the other(a) stages that they could not be friends because the attitude of the evoke was that men and women could not be friends as the sex inevitably gets in the way. The attitude and behavior of Sally were positive, and she was of the opinion that gender discrimination is not required for friendship. waste and Sally did not change their attitude for many years. The scene is shown in the film that they had a fully grown experience in the past when they met after ten years in a plane. At that time, ravage was alone because he had given divorce to his wife. Sally was alon e because she had ended relationship with her boyfriend. The experiences faced by the two were bad, and the climax of the movie came forward when the expressions of both were communicating that they had fallen in a friendship. The theory of completeness of the communication The idea should be concise and complete could be observed in that scene (Gupta).3. Harry and Sally met each other several times in the period of 12 years. They periodically met each other but did not try to communicate each other the perception that they had been agreed upon the same thing that they are likely to be friends with each other. They were not communicating with each other that the legal opinion of friendship had been raised among them. The impression on each other was changing during the period. The scenes in the film were demonstrate the implied intention of friendship among them. It was clarified in the scene that they were feeling some relationship between them (Gupta).4. The strategies adopted by the characters were slightly more than the comedy and

Principles of Research and Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Research and Practice - Assignment Example more queryers categorize empirical research methods into three categories experimental, correlational statisticsal, and descriptive (Creswell 1994). These all correspond to ways of taking guesses and theories around humanity into argument with knowledge. Researchers must conduct testing for a wider range of basis, testing starts from pre-testing a research design to challenging the process of a measuring instrument. There is a popular application of methods in examining the fundamentals of hypotheses and this is very appropriate in giving the most reliable evidence of causation (Deacon ET. Al.1999). A researcher must work on two essential things first, he must have a control to at least one individual unsettled. He must observe and measure an single-handed variable. Second, he must do a random assignment, the researcher must decide whether or to what completion an investigational contributor is depicted to the independen t variable. The numerous independent variable in an investigational designs is significantly helpful, the outcomes in the vault of heaven of media may vary for different kinds of people, such(prenominal) as creating consent to the knowledgeable study of these differences (Jensen 2002). For example, including both experiences to intercede opposition and gender in one design allows a researcher to observe the independent variable with hostility and their interaction. ... In order to use mass communication, social and cultural backgrounds of the viewers must be observed to give a full description of the real world. For an instance, connection to broadcasted violence usually happens at home (Malhorta and Birks 2000). If a researcher be in control of it, he has no guarantee that the results canvass will be relevant in more distinctive contexts. Thus, experimental research may touch on what can happen, rather than what really happen in realistic situations. Experimental research also l eans to be limited to the short-term effect of the mass media. One typically cannot influence and have power everywhere media-related activities for months or years. The researcher has no influence in a study victimisation a co-variation among variables, such as televised violence and assault in children (Jensen 2002). As an alternative, a researcher generally determines the variables as they keep place obviously. Such studies usually fall well short of gathering the standards for causal conclusion. A correlation study, regarding measures of discovery to televised violence and aggression it was a synchronic or cross-sectional study. Each variable was assessed at only one time point. It is occasionally probable to control time order by victimization a diachronic study, concerning more than one time point. One could correlate a determined independent variable with later adjusts in a dependent variable. Regardless of this inadequacy, correlational studies usually reflect by nature in occurring processes. In this sense, they are high in external validity. In fact, many questions are examined using both experimental and correlational techniques (Malhorta and Birks 2000). To the extent, each type gives similar evidence such as a persons exposure to mediated

Methods of Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methods of Analysis - Essay ExampleThe most commonly use tools include vertical synopsis, horizontal analysis and ratio analysis (Haber, 2004).Vertical analysis-Vertical analysis involves reporting any percentage point as a percentage of the other larger item. This method compares between 2 or more corporations within the same industry simple. In addition, vertical analysis permits a firm to reflect present reports against those of the past, illuminating areas that might require enhancement. For instance, when analyzing a vestibular sense sheet vertically implies that each item on the balance sheet is usually restated to be a % of the total sum of the assets. This technique too known as common-size analysis permits analysts to view the compositions of the various classes of financial statements. Sales is normally used as a reference class in addition to being the denominator of the rest of the computations when doing an income statement. On the other hand, the balance sheet ma kes use of total equity, total assets and total liabilities. One of the demerits of vertical analysis is the fact that it provides a view at only one(a) singular period of operations, normally a year. This usually, makes it hard to descend at conclusions regarding the company over time (Haber, 2004).Horizontal analysis-Horizontal analysis is a kind of essential analysis in which particular financial data is made use of to evaluate the act of a channel over a certain length of time. This sort of analysis butt end be evaluated on one company over a given length of time, making comparisons of similar ratios or items, or it can be done on several companies operating within the same industry to evaluate the performance of the company relative to the competition. Variations in this sort of analysis are referred to as the trend analysis which essentially begins with the 1st year a firm is in business, also commonly referred to as the base year. A

Cuban Missile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cuban Missile - Essay ExampleJohn F. Kennedy was the US president during this time of crisis. He therefore had to give rise swift moves to avoid going into war with the Soviet confederacy. As Robert Kennedy and Arthur Jr. Schlesinger portray in their record In Thirteen Days, they applaud John F. Kennedy for the way in which he handled the crisis.Kennedys team of executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm) congregated and deliberated on different ways to deal with the crisis. As Robert puts it, they considered several options. The rootage one was invading Cuba, option two was ordering air strikes with the intention of taking out the projectile areas, the other option was imposing a blockade around Cuba. This was aimed at keeping out the undelivered missiles. The 4th option they considered was presenting a private ultimatum to Nikita Khrushchev and in the event that the missiles were not removed, then a military consummation was to be taken. The fifth and the la st option was to present some offer of trade for the missiles in Cuba and those in Turkey.The fifth option was fronted and therefore at the heart of the crisis Kennedys regime agreed to withdraw or remove the US missile s from the republic of Turkey and in exchange the Soviet Union was to also remove their nuclear forces from Cuba. The US central concession handled the matter in secret unlike the Soviet who came out in public. The US thought that the idea of withdrawing from the republic of Turkey would have seen the administration that was in place as weak.

Recollection. Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recollection. Socrates - Essay ExampleAccording to Socrates, the body acts as a prison house confining the nouss. In this state, the individual is limited in its quest to explore knowledge which is unchanging, unpredict adapted, and eternal. This is because when the reason is confined within the body, it is forced to explore truth through the reception organs of the body which has its deficiency that prevents the person from seeing what is real (Plato and Jowett 70). This article presents a critical response of the argument that Socrates puts forth for supporting his premise - since learning is a by-means of recollection, the understanding must have existed separately onwards being joined to the body. feel in Socrates Argument Socrates shows that it is possible for the soul to exist before the body. He explains this through the theory of recollection. He bases his argument on the fact that it is possible for a person to give a correct solvent when asked a question which he m ay not have had prior knowledge about the issue. This implies that race are born with some knowledge within them, and this means that the soul or the thinker existed before birth. He illustrates this in a number of steps. First, he gives his opinion on how it would be wonderful if the soul is dissipated to nothingness in closing. This is because remainder would be an eternal sleep undisturbed with worrying dreams death would be a big blessing to humankind. But he argues that this is not the case. He illustrate that the soul is immortal existing before birth, and it continues to live even when the mortal body dies. He says that the belief in dispersion of the soul is a childish belief. He initially shows the immortality of the soul by outlining the cynical argument. He asserts that if it is true that the living originated from the utterly, thus it must be that the souls of people live in the different world. If they did not, then it would not be possible for them to be born ag ain. He further gives examples of how opposite originates from the opposite (Plato and Jowett 71). For example, intense from cold, awake and asleep, up and down. One has to fall asleep in order to wake up, cold things buns be arrive hot and vice versa. This means that opposite must come from the opposites. This means that for the life to come from the dead there should be some aspect of life in the dead. He thus concludes that the dead are generated from the living through the process of death. The living, on the other hand, is generated from the dead through the process of birth. It is because prudent to conclude that the soul of the dead must exit somewhere when the person dies and they come stick out to the living when a new child is born. From this Socrates affirms his theory of learning through recollection. This is due to the fact that the soul has been reborn several times and has lived in this universe for many years therefore, it has amassed a lot of knowledge. He concl uded that all learning is just but recollection and no new knowledge is added to the mind since the soul knows it all. He further illustrates this through the use of the Mono slave boy who showed to have geometrical knowledge even though they had not had this kind of learning before. He thus asserts that the body and soul are two separate entities. The body, he says, is mortal and after death is seen as the corpse. The soul, on the other hand, is divine, immortal and invisible therefore, it outlasts the body. During the period when the soul is separated from the body (after death before rebirth), the soul is able to see life in its fullness without being limited by the body (Plato and Jowett 72). Socrates therefore sees death as a form of liberation which, for a philosophical mind, is a major

Planning (Local Development Framework) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning (Local Development Framework) - Essay ExampleThe local development computer programme will consist of several Development Plan Documents (DPDs) and Supplementary Planning Documents(SPDs), conforming to the core strategic plans and policies. The salient features of the LDA are as followWill define the needs of the community in impairment of the educational institutions, health related concerns and other social security requirements relating to employment, retirement, crime prevention etc. in all the proposals and plans of the development plan documents and supplementary plan documents will have to undergo sustainability appraisal and must relate the criteria of environment baseline as set by the Borough.The reforms in the supplying commissions have made it authorization for the councils to prepare an Annual Monitoring Report (AMR) for all the ongoing projects and programs of the development schemes and clearly state the deport status as against the premeditated goals of the scheme for the previous fiscal year. The implementation process of the projects and programs involves categorical and easily defined plan of stratifies development which is to be monitored regularly by the authorities and community.Your involvement is the key to the victor of the development in your area. If you or any organization want to be consulted in the future planning of your area or would like to know about the status of the programs and projects of the community, please do get in touch with the us through the email at PlanningPolicyrbkc.gov.uk or phone us on 020 7361

Relationship between Instant Texting and Language Decline Essay

Relationship betwixt Instant Texting and Language Decline - Essay ExampleIt is common to find people busy with their phones in workplaces, in vehicles, in school, and in homes. This does not exclude streets, in which one goat notice singles walkway heads down perhaps text put across or reading texts. With the change magnitude use of mobile phones, a sensitive issue has emerged which concerns the over-use of text messages. According to David Crystals Texting, people extensively use blinking messages, for their conversations, using abbreviations for most language (Crystal 15). An analysis of David Crystals works can establish the controversies associated with the blood between actors line phylogeny and the increased use of text messages, for communication. The emerging issue of concern is whether the increased use of text messages has resulted in the decline of dustup, or whether it affects literacy. With respect to David Crystals works, text messaging makes extensive use o f coded language which whitethorn be unfamiliar to non-users. Substantial understanding of the code language is of the essence for a mobile phone user to converse with fri arrests using the code language. In the employ of text messaging, users condense multiple and single words via a technique which sees them replace words or syllables with digits or single letters. In the development of the coded language, used in text messaging, cell phone users may also get full of whole words within common phrases. The process of developing SMS language tends to be progressive this has the implication that some phrases and words have been modified with time. For example, the phrase Thank you has done for(p) through three transitions which are thanks, tnx, and tx. The language used in text messaging is bohemian and can hit under a number of categories. G-Clippings, for instance, involves the removal of the letter g at the end of such words as Going to read as Goin. The coded language can also fall under the shortening category in which some letters are omitted for example, the word after can be written as aft. In other forms, users contract the middle letters of unhomogeneous words while others make use of acronyms (Crystal 18). Others include the use of letter homophones, number homophones, and such non-conventional words as nite for night. To some extent, the use of text messages results to a decline in spoken language. This is because the development of spoken language has a direct relationship with social interaction. In the era of technology, texting diminishes childrens dexterity to have face-to face communication with others, a trait which affects them throughout the other developmental stages. Self-expression is a technique best acquired via practice hence its development faces a significant degree of limitation from the mobile technology. The take of this aspect is more pronounced in the younger generation than the old generation. The childhood stage of an i ndividual serves as the most appropriate time for learning therefore, with the extensive use of text messages, children and teenagers may not develop adequate skills of spoken language. Research indicates that, with the introduction of latest technology, only a small isotropy of teenagers talk face-to-face with colleagues, as opposed to the percentage of young people that sends texts several times in a day. Ideally, over-reliance on text messages, for communication, promotes social anxiety and shyness among children, a trait which extends even to the bounteous stage (Crystal 20). The mode of texting, stated by David Crystal, can significantly cause a decline in language with respect spelling. Ideally, individuals have

Role war plays in art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role war plays in art - Research Paper ExampleHowever, one the primary(prenominal) thematic concerns that are delivered through the artwork either past or present has not changed with the important themes being glory, heroism, drama, suffering and sadness. These emotions emanate from the audience as they look at the different pieces of art and the workman should ensure that they draw on these primary(prenominal) themes when working on art on war. War then plays a very important part in art as it helps the artists showcase the different emotions and themes for a particular war or time through their works of art for the present and future generations which is the briny purpose of artwork. This paper examines different works of art and analyses the main theme depicted by the works, the boilers suit effect for the audience, the visual elements that the artwork presents, and the historical significance of the art.One of the most famous portraits is that done by Jacques-Louis David i n 1802 of Napoleon that depicts Napoleon as a war hero and a savior of his people. The photos main theme is to show the heroic nature of Napoleon and also his manly aspect which the artist compounds in concert to form one major hero in the portrait (Keegan 89). In the portrait Napoleon is on a White Horse that is session on its hind legs and is directing other members of his battalion to bill. in that location is a mountain and Napoleon is sitting on the bottom side also preparing to charge upwards to what can be assumed to be enemy battalions that are charging downwards. His large red cloak swirls as it is being blown by the wind and he is holding on to the horse that is already sitting on its hind legs with one arm. This shows him as heroic since he is the one who is prepared to lead the charge and is in front of all the other soldiers as he looks behind to issue instructions. The fact that he also wears a crown to symbolize that he was the leader then also shows how heroic an d undaunted Bonaparte was. There is

To what extent do you agree that the 1911 parliament act was a Essay

To what extent do you agree that the 1911 parliament act was a siginifiacnt turning point for the political power of the aristocracy in the period 1830-1930 - Essay ExampleEnthused by french Revolution by-words like Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, British workers had started enquire for their rights.The Great Reform Act of 1832 provided for the distribution of Parliamentary seats. It abolished many so called rotten or bulge boroughs. On the whole, it disenfranchised 56 boroughs, termed as rotten boroughs and most of them had no population. Then came the pocket boroughs in which aristocratic landlords controlled the number of representatives. Parliamentary representation of large towns and countries has been increased. Rural regions saw a reduction in their number of representatives. Scotland and Ireland saw increase in their representation. Earlier electorate had to have certain residential and financial requirements and those needs were lessoned. On the whole, the Reform Bill of 1832 resulted in the transfer of political power from the landowning aristocrats to the middle class, and in the hyponymy of the House of Lords to the popular will, http//www.thepotteries.org/chartism/reform_act.htmThe abolished borough seats got redistributed to form new constituencies in smaller towns. Manchester and Birmingham got their representatives after this act. barely the voting situation in the counties remained unaltered. Even to this day, historians had been unable to figure out if the threat of revolution of French revolution scale was imagined or real. House of Commons remained largely aristocratic, mainly because violence and expenses had been common during elections. An unobserved by-product of the Bill was that political parties were stronger than before and the party could usually impose ministers on the monarch, http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A545195This was do with a great feeling of victory, because elections were symbols of the will of people. House of Lo rds had no desire to pass the bill that would lower their influence and power. But by then, rightly or wrongly they had become extremely

Historical document analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical document synopsis - Essay Examplee for lower taxes and so on, during the great deal people espoused an increased voice of government, which could act to ensure the welfare of less fortunate people, serve as a safety net, square off the rules of the economic game, and ensure that everyone could live a life of dignity and have a chance at happiness. This weeks readings demonstrate that the dynamics of todays recession have been fundamentally a part of American politics for almost a century. Though all three documents appearing whatever degree of recognition that the previous function of the American economy had become untenable, and that some new actions moldiness take place to protect the poor and those with less control over their economic destiny, they also show a repeating, recognizable pattern that has continued to this day a left which elected a chair on the hopes of broadly redistributing wealth, a president that had to back off of his initial promise for pragm atic reasons and therefrom anger his own constituents, and a right outraged by the entire process, glumly acknowledging that perhaps a social safety net was necessary, but calling any real redistribution of wealth socialism and anti-American. integrity of the most remarkable things upon reading these three texts is the fact that Roosevelt, even while still simply candidature for president rather than actually being president, seemed very conscious of his place in history, and of the requirements of pragmatism that retention the presidency would entail. Instead of opening his speech with the kind of emotional call to action that can be so common in election year campaigning, Roosevelt opens with a somewhat dry recitation of presidential history, invoking Jeffersons famous duel with Maddison over the role of the government (165). So even before graceful president, Roosevelt was conscious of the way history might view him and his actions, and was conscious of the pragmatic demands of his office. This led to his criticism of the monetary system,

Argumentative on immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argumentative on immigration - Essay Examplesupports multiculturalism, notions of racism ar curb and culturally diverse consumers use the product, which potentially increases the volume of consumers.Business entrepreneurs are able to maximize their acquire by offering work to the immigrants. Immigrants normally accept to work at pays considerably lower than what are offered to the local people. Although the pays are lower than usual, yet they are considerably higher than what the immigrants would get in their domicilelands. So they happily accept to work, and the owners are able to save the money.Immigration potenceens the economy of inadequate countries. Immigrants send a major portion of the money earned to their families in their homelands. The remittance is a potential means of strength of a nations economy. Many countries have benefited from the income of people who seek work outside their home countries.Immigration offers a lot of advantages both to the immigrants, the cou ntry they immigrate from and the country they immigrate to. Some of the plain advantages of immigration are multicultural marketing of products, increased profitability of business and strengthened economy of poor

Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Essay Example for Free

Final Project, hale Eating, Nutrition, and get along Plan EssayIn my primary report I indicated my age 42 years old, my weight unit was 165 pounds and height 56. My daily example was riding bike between 6 to 8 miles a daylight for 3 days during the week for a total of 350 minutes of physical Activity. Week one 3 day analysis for breakfast I had a cup of coffee with flavored cream with sandwich or cereals, for lunch I had sandwich or reheated nutriment from previous day, nosh I had wheat cake, fruits or chips and for dinner Latin food, hamburger or pasta, dont imbibing soft drinks, still drink Lipton Iced Tea and water. (Matta) (2012).Based on the first report I was oer in grains on vegetables, fruits, dairy, protein foods, oils I was downstairs empty calories I was under with 280 calories, total calories average was 1785 stance and sodium was high on all 3 days. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ). After the first report I seek to modified both(prenominal) eating habits meas uring the amount of food cereal, pasta, rice and beans in cups, steaks and fish omission in 4 ounces, drink much water and less(prenominal) alcoholic drinkic drinks and increase my daily deterrent example adding two days of walking 3 miles per day increasing my weekly Physical Activity to 630 minutes. Matta) (2013).The up-to-the-minute report from January 2nd through January 4th, all the food groups where under my empty calories was lower then the first one at 208 and my average total calories was lower at 1292 average per day but my sodium dividing line is still high. The proceeds of this modification is my current weight at 155 pounds and drop from a 36 waist size to a 34. Based on Food Tracker my daily calorie limit allowance is 2400 and at least 150 minutes per week of physical activity. I am under the allowance of calories and over my physical activity per week. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ).Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan After reviewing both analy sis I have realized that my challenge is sodium, I dont use sodium chlorideiness but some of the food I consume are high on sodium. Colorado aver University indicates that sodium is found in most do work foods to preserve or flavor them sodium has an authorized role maintaining water balance within the cells and in the function of both impulses and muscle but eat excess sodium may lead to edema or water retention, high blood blackmail and in Women may be at higher risk for incuring osteoporosis even if calcium white plague is adequate. Colorado State University) (n. d. ).In my family our medical history is high blood pressure my Mother, Brother and I have this condition. The Ameri butt joint Heart Association indicates that high blood pressure crumb be hereditary by one of both parents if they have a history of the condition, advance age can develop a higher risk, gender related risk pattern, lack of physical activity, overweight, obesity, drinking to much alcohol and Poo r diet, especially one that includes too much salt other possible factors could be stress, smoking, cooperate hand smoke and sleep apnea. (American Heart Association) (2012).The effects of having high blood pressure are, a shooter it can cause a break or weakened blood vessel which the brain can bleed, it is a major factor in heart attacks the arteries brings oxygen-carrying blood to the heart muscle if the heart doesnt receive the proper oxygen, blood flow is blocked a heart attach can occur, Kidney misuse in over date the high blood pressure can narrow or alter the blood vessels of the Kidney this we result in filtering less fluids and waste build up in the blood the result can be dialysis or kidney trans purposet and Arteries, the arteries in the brain, heart and kidney hardens making all three to massage harder. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ). Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan I believe I have a good diet consuming my total calo ries for day, the amount of food and exercise but as mentioned before sodium is my challenge.My action final cause will be related with sodium and how to persist in high blood pressure under control, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute give me some tips on how to reduce sodium in my diet, buy fresh, plain frozen, or canned vegetable with no salt added, use fresh poultry, fish, and lean meat rather then canned or process types, use herbs, spices and salt-free seasoning blends in cooking, cut back in salad stuffing, rinse can food such as tuna to remove sodium and choose ready to eat breakfast cereals lower in sodium. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ).With these tips my action planned is to buy less process foods, use more than white meat instead of red and consume it in small amounts, utilize less dressing or replace it with olive oil and balsamic vinegar in small amounts and consumed more salt free products for exercise my plan will be the same as I have in present time, I will ride my bike 3 days a week between 6 to 8 miles and walk 2 days a week 3 miles per day this plan will keep my body active and healthy. Matta) (2013), All action plans have their share of setbacks some of the expect setbacks for both food and exercise for food is the amount of time that I have to go to the grocery store store and buy the products mentioned above, I have a very active lifestyle family, work, study, and exercise time is very limited, this is why we go to a restaurant, buy process food or can food without reading the labels a plan that I will implement with my wife is to go the first day of the month and go to the grocery store and supply our self with the necessary healthy food for the correct month and go once a week to replenish anything that we need for exercise my setback is more the ability to keep motivated and time to overcome this my plan is to keep my picture of my Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Daughter and I in the door fridge when I was overweight, this picture is why I decided to do exercise, loose weight and keep it off. (Matta) (2013).One tool I conditioned from our class is Super Tracker since I learned about this site I have use it since and I will keep using it until I have to register again, Super Tracker gives me suggestion and measure the emergence of my action plan plus doing my yearly checkup with the Doctor for my high blood pressure and health. If I keep my action plan in tact the result will be a appointed one healthy body and mind but If dont follow my action plan the health risk factor will be a negative one I can gain weight and high blood pressure which can create a stroke or heart attack or even worst death. (Matta) (2013). Colorado State University indicates as we age it is burning(prenominal) to eat more calcium, iron protein Vitamins A, C and flacon reduce calories selected nutrient-dense foods and enjoy smaller portions of foods high in fat, staff of li fe and sodium. (Colorado State University) (n. d. ).As I age I will follow my doctors instruction and educate myself and coif based on the information provided eat smaller portion, use Vitamins and reduce any sugar and sodium from my diet, in regard of my exercise as I age my body will have less motion I will walk more a bike ride less, in Florida the 4 seasons are basically the same good weather but in summer the heat is overcome and it rains constantly this could alter my physical activity the option is to go to a gym or my YMCA to exercise indoors. (Matta) (2013). Conclusion our body is a perfect machine created to live, serve and reproduce in our world, we are obligated in taking care of it. We should always try our best to eat healthy and keep it watch so we can live a long, healthy and happy life.

American Literature Summer Reading List Essay Example for Free

American Literature Summer Reading argument EssayThe following list was complied from the recommendations of the Belmont High School English department and contains some of the best-known whole kit and caboodle of American literature. Each book addresses the American fantasy and/or American identities. totally accounting entry eleventh graders must read at least one book from the list beneath over the summer. Students entering English 11 Honors must read at least one contemporary AND one genuine work from the list. The American Literature Summer Reading page on your Edline account provides summaries of the works listed below it provide be available until July 15th. We encourage all students to preview a book before devising a choice in order to determine that the writing style and narrative voice will be a good fit. Please consult your 10th grade teacher if you need dish up finding a book that is a good match for you. Author Book Joan Didion Joan Didion W. E. B. Du Bois Booker T. working capital The White Album Essays Slouching Toward Bethlehem Essays The Souls of Black Folk Up from Slavery Fear and Loathing in Las VegasA Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream The Dharma Bums On the Road Hunter S. Thompson rapscallion Kerouac Jack Kerouac Malcolm X and Alex Haley Tom Wolfe Alex Haley Ayn RandAyn Rand Bernard Malamud E. L. Doctorow Edith Wharton Edith Wharton F. Scott Fitzgerald F.Scott Fitzgerald Herman Melville crowd Baldwin James Weldon whoremasterson The Autobiography of Malcolm X The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test grow The Fountainhead Atlas Shrugged The Natural Ragtime The Age of Innocence The House of Mirth Tender is the night This Side of Paradise Moby-Dick Go Tell it on the Mountain Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man Genre Essays Essays Essays history Era simple guiltless clean genuine record Memoir Memoir Classic Classic Classic.Memoir Memoir apologue smart new bracing refreshing wise new(a) overbold fiction No vel Novel Novel ClassicClassic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Joan Didion John Cheever John Dos Passos John Irving John Steinbeck John Steinbeck John Updike Kate Chopin Ken Kesey N.Scott Momaday Nella Larson Norman Mailer Philip Roth Ralph Ellison Raymond Chandler Richard Wright Rita Mae Brown Robert Penn Warren capital of Minnesota Bellow Sinclair Lewis Theodore Dreiser Theodore Dreiser Upton Sinclair Vladimir Nabokov Willa Cather Willa Cather William Faulkner Studs Terkel institute It As It Lays The Wapshot Chronicle The U. S. A. Trilogy The World According to Garp East of Eden The Grapes of Wrath Rabbit, streakThe Awakening One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest House Made of Dawn Passing An American Dream Portnoys Complaint Invisible Man The Big Sleep Black Boy Rubyfruit Jungle All the Kings Men The Adventures of Augie March Main Street An American Tragedy Sister Carrie The Jungle Lolita My Antonia O Pioneers Absalom, Ab salom workings People Talk nearly What They Do All Day and How They Feel about What They Do Arthur miller A View from the Bridge Lorraine Hansberry Sherwood Anderson Sarah Vowell Toure A Raisin in the Sun Winesburg, Ohio The Partly Cloudy Patriot Whos terror-stricken of Post-Blackness? What It Means to be Black Now Novel Novel Novel.Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Oral History Play Play laconic Stories Essays Essays Classic Classic Classic Classic coetaneous contemporary Annie Dillard Barack Obama Bob Dylan Itabari Njeri James McBride Jay-Z John Edgar Wideman Luis Rodriguez Maxine Hong Kingston Richard Rodriguez Barbara Ehrenreich Dave Eggers.David Biancu lli Erik Larsen Greil Marcus John Berendt Jon Krakauer Neil Swidey Tom Wolfe Amy Tan Andre Dubus III Annie Proulx Audrey Niffenegger Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver Chad Harbach Chang-rae Lee Cormac McCarthy Daniel Wallace Danzy Senna Dave Eggers David Foster Wallace An American puerility Dreams from My Father A Story of Race and Inheritance Chronicles, Vol. I Every Goodbye Aint Gone The Color of Water A Black Mans Tribute to His White Mother Decoded Brothers and Keepers Always cart track La Vida Loca Gang Days in L. A The Woman Warrior Hunger of Memory The Education of Richard Rodriguez.Nickle and Dimed On (Not) Getting by in America Zeitoun Dangerously Funny The Uncensored Story of The Smothers Brothers Comedy instant Devil in the White City The Old, Weird America The World of Bob Dylans Basement Tapes Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Into the Wild The Assist Hoops, Hope, and the Game of Their Lives The Right Stuff The Joy luck Club House of Sand and Fog The Shipping News The Time Travellers Wife The Bean Trees animal(prenominal) Dreams The Poisonwood Bible The Art of Fielding Native Speaker Blood Meridian Big Fish A Novel of Mythic Proportions Caucasia What is the What Infinite Jest Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir.Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir nonfictional prose Nonfiction coeval coetaneous coetaneous coeval coetaneous coeval contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary ContemporaryContemporary David Sheff gain DeLillo Donna Tartt Dorothy Allison Edward P. Jones Fannie Flagg Gish Jen Gloria Naylor Jane Smiley Jennifer Egan Jhumpa Lahiri John Irving John Kennedy OToole Jonathan Franzen Jonathan Lethem Jonathan Safran Foer Julia Alvarez Junot Diaz K. M. Soehnlein Leslie Marmon Silko Marilynne Robinson Marilynne Robinson Marisha Pessl Michael Chabon Ntzoke Shange Paul Auster Paul Auster Paula Fox Peter Cameron Philip Roth Philip Roth Richard Ford Richard Russo Sherman Alexie Beautiful Boy Americana The cryptical History Bastard out of Carolina The Known World Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle forbear Cafe Typical American.The Women of Brewster Place A Thousand Acres A Visit from the Goon police squad The Namesake A Prayer for Owen Meany A Confederacy of Dunces The Corrections The Fortress of Solitude Extremely shabby and Incredibly Close How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao The World of Normal Boys Ceremony Gilead family unit Special Topics in Calamity Physics The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay Sassa frass, Cypress, and Indigo The New York Trilogy The Music of run across Desperate Characters Someday This Pain Will be Useful to You American Pastoral The Human sully The Sportswriter Empire Falls Reservation Blues Novel Novel Novel.Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Steven Millhauser.Sue Monk Kidd T. C. Boyle Thomas Pynchon Thomas Pynchon Tom Wolfe Toni Morrison Toni Morrison Walter Mosley Walter M osley August Wilson August Wilson Martin Dressler The recital of an American Dreamer The Secret Life of Bees The Tortilla Curtain Vineland The Crying of Lot 49 Bonfire of the Vanities lamb Song of Solomon Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned The Man in My Basement Ma Raineys Black Bottom The mild Lesson David Mamet Glengarry Glen Ross Tony Kushner Annie Proulx Jhumpa Lahiri Raymond Carver Sherman Alexie Angels in America Close Range Wyoming Stories Interpreter of Maladies What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.The Long Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Play Play Play Play Short Stories Short Stories Short Stories Short Stories Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary.

How Communication Affects Relationships Essay Example for Free

How Communication Affects Relationships EssayCommunication affects relationships at work in a elephantine authority. Communicating in a positive manner give give me a very distinguishable response to communicating in a negative manner, it is also great that I alter the way i carry dependant on who I am speaking to as everybody will reply differently to different styles and variations of communication. One of the parts of my job is to communicate with my colleagues. I must insure that as the environment I work in can and often is stressful, that I speak in a calm manner and that I am clear and concise. By doing this I lessen the chance of cultivation that I passed on being misheard or misunderstood and by being calm I ache a reassuring effect on my colleagues.When speaking to families of patient I must insure that I an understanding and come across friendly and professional as a good relationship with a patients family can have positive effects on the patients because it is important that families understand the patients interposition plan and how they can have positive influence on the patient. I must communicate with the patients in the most effective way possible. As a health Care worker I charter to be able to build trust and a good relationship with those I look after. It is important that I use variation of communication skills to relay what I am trying to get across, this will help the patient understand what is be communicated and in turn will help the patient communicate there needs.

College vs. High School Essay Example for Free

College vs. High School judge numerous students, especially those who do not have a family member who has been to college, think college is pretty much like high school, only bigger. But there are most very big differences. Many students who did not do tumesce in high school blossom in college. Much of how college pull up stakes differ depends on you. To be prepared, it helps you to know what differences lay ahead. Though academic requirements and student life quit depending on the college you attend, there are basic differences that apply in almost every case. One let out step to a successful transition from high school to college is to anticipate and be prepared for the differences betwixt the two get uptings. This is especially true for students with disabilities. In addition to dealing with the same transition issues that all students face, they as well as have the added challenge of changes in how support services are requested and arranged. In college, students mu st turn tail a more(prenominal) active role and assume more responsibility. Because you will in all likelihood be everyplace 18 years old in college, you will be treated like an adult. This is because you will be an adult.As an adult, you will have to leave sure you do what youre supposed to do, you will be responsible for the way you live, and you will have to meet great expectations from others. Generally, there are fewer rules and regulations obligate by others in college. You will be expected to make and stick to your own schedule, as well as keep up on all your work. Professors expect you to be in class to learn. And whether or not you learn is your responsibility. Many students, after a brief period of adjustment, will settle into a balanced lifestyle of work and play.Those who dont usually do not make it done their first year. In college, you will take on more responsibility for your decision, actions, and lifestyle. This is part of being on your own. Professors and a dministrators will probably not give you a hard time about your clothes, your hair, or your common behavior. But do be prepared to be held accountable for your behavior. There is no one to rouse for not waking up on time, not eating properly, or not washing your clothes. lot will expect more of you and expect you to develop in your own unique way in college.In high school, you are often expected to behave or perform to a lower limit standard. Some people will expect you to go beyond minimal performance in college, so you can grow and develop as a person. You will also begin to realize what a great effect you can have both positive and negative on yourself, on others, and on the world around you. This can be both exciting and frightening. In college, you will be unleash to explore numerous paths and interests that were simply not open to you in high school. There are more foreign languages, arts, and sciences offered in college.Subjects like philosophy and religion are also tau ght at college but probably not in high school. Some subjects are taught differently in college. In high school, for instance, autobiography may have been mainly names, dates, and places. You had to memorize facts and figures. In college, those facts are not nearly as in-chief(postnominal) as why certain events and actions happened. In college English, less time may be spent on grammar and spelling (it is assumed you have mastered these) and more on writing creatively and criticizing literature.Many classes will be organized differently from the traditional high school lecture class. Some will be big lecture classes followed by small discussion groups. Some professors will have you read books, indite papers, and discuss both in class. You may even have the chance to read independently with a professor or design your own research projects. Grading will be different, too. In some classes, you will have nothing but essay tests. In other, your entire grade will be determined by a sin gle large paper or project.You may even have classes in which a group project is the primary grade. High school is a place you go to seven or eight hours a day, less than half the days of the year. Many colleges are set up to be your home you will eat and sleep there, spend time off there, make new friends there, even do your laundry there. Therefore, chances are good that college will have an even greater effect on you than high school did. In fact, it will be a time in your life like no other.

Sexual Abuse in Prison Essay Example for Free

informal demoralise in Prison EssayThe internal abuse in prison is a practiced problem in our country. It is compounded by the sheer progeny of stings stepping intimate the prison schema all(prenominal) year. It is surprising to find out that our country is widely recognized as the one with most recite of prisoners. This problem however is preventable and controllable if we pull up stakes totally change our attitude. We all work rights. confidence for a crime no issuance how heinous our crime is will not strip us of our rights. In a letter sent to the Human Rights Watch by a sender whose summon was purposely withheld, the sender narrated his horrifying experience trance he was indoors Prison. He recountedIve been sentenced for a D. U. I. offense. My tertiary one. When I first came to prison, I had no idea what to expect. Im a tall white male, who unfortunately has a small amount of feminine characteristics. And very shy. These characteristics make water got me raped so many times I arrest no more feelings somatogeneticly. I have been raped by up to 5 caustic men and two white men at a time.Ive had knifes at my head and throatthither is no supervision after lockdown. (No Escape Male Rape in US Prisons) This unpack speaks of an ugly reality inside the US prison. This is the reality that we have come to accept as cut off of the defects in the US prison system. This is the reality that has been macrocosmalized in our federation which contri neverthelesses not barely to the extension of forcefulness inside prison but also to the spread of internally transmitted diseases such as AIDS. (Its Not My Problem)The sad thing about this issue is that there seems to be nothing organism do about this problem by government authorities. Is it because while we uphold the rule of justice and tip over rehabilitation as one of the primary purposes of prison, at the back of our minds we think that the bunco games deserve what oversteps to th em while inside the prison? This research paper deals with the issue of sexual abuse in US Prison. I count on to discuss the different scenarios of sexual abuse and the power relations happening inside prison that is at the core of this problem.I aim to discuss of prisoners protected by domestic and international laws. Rights of Prisoners The issue of sexual abuse in US prison is extremely important nowa sidereal days considering that according to the new composition of the Justice Departments Bureau of Justice, our prison population has ballooned to a total of 2 meg stings. Research also shows that since 2002 one in every one hundred forty two US citizens is locked up in jail and out of the 1,200,203 nation prisoners, 3055 bunco games were younger than 18 years old. Robert Longley, 2007) Indeed, the increasing number of bunco games in the US prison demands that this problem should no longer be ignored and that something be done eradicate this problem. At the outset, it is imp ortant to emphasize that prisoners too have rights regardless whether they have been convicted or not.The 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution is emphatic about this point. It states that Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor barbaric and unusual punishments trim backed. On the former(a) hand, those who atomic number 18 waiting for their convictions atomic number 18 wish wellwise protected under the ascendency of the one-fifth Amendment, which states that No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or some early(a)wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jurynor be divestd of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall private property be taken for valet de chambres use, without just compensation. (Fifth Amendment)In the case of Deshaney v. Winnebago City Social Services Department 489 U.S. 189 (1989), the Supreme Court has declared that when the state holds a person into custody and deprives him of his liberty that he is unable to care for himself and at the time it fails to render him basic needs, the state violates the provisions of the Eight Amendment. Thus, the Eighth Amendment protects every prisoner from brutality imposed by the guards against him but also it requires the prison officials to give ample egis from violence that the other inmates whitethorn inflict on him.In a suit for violation of Eighth Amendment, however, the law provides that the inmate whose rights have been violate to prove the following a) the objective element the extent of the injury the inmate has suffered which is so serous that it violates the societys standard of decency and b) the subjective element the prison knowing fully well that a violence has occurred maliciously and sadistically fails respond to this violence for the purpose of causing the inmate injury. (Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 14 (1992). )Though it is quite simplified to prove the first elem ent, the second element is very difficult to prove and presents serious obstacle against an inmate who is contemplating on filing a suit against prison officials for violation of their Eighth Amendment. In addition to the protection guaranteed under the Eighth Amendment and Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the DOJ has been granted authority to prosecute a public official for violating a prisoners constitutional rights.Thus, under Section 242 of the United States Code, This statute makes it a crime for any person acting under color of law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to willfully deprive or cause to be deprived from any person those rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution and laws of the U. S. (Sec 242 of the United States Code) However, in the same manner as the violation of the Eighth Amendment is difficult to enforce, so is the violation under this statute which requires the injured party to prove that the public officer willfully and by choice deprived the prisoner of his right.International laws likewise provide ample protection to the condition of prisoners while inside the prison system. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of which the United States is a signatory understandably provides that all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Indeed, all these laws affirm the basic principle that even prisoners do have rights under the law. Sexual Abuse in Prison At the outset, it is important to distinguish among the different circumstances of rape that happen at heart the four corners of the prison.Rape accompanied with violence is one of the more commonly known sexual abuses that happen in prison. Ordinarily, when we talk about prison rape, what comes into mind is a gang of prisoners approaching a lonely(prenominal) prisoner from behind and raping him. According to the Dep artment of Justice, in the 2004 alone , an estimated 8,210 allegations of sexual violence were reported by correctional authorities the equivalent of 3. 2 allegations per 1,000 inmates and youths incarcerated in 2004. (Almost 2100 sexual violence incidents took place in the nations correctional facilities during 2004)It must be stressed that when rape is accompanied by physical force and violence, things usually turn out ugly for the rape victim. He may suffer humiliated neck, dislocated shoulders, hips, and dislocated fingers. Things could get really bloody that there have been inmates who have been recorded to have died after a forcible rape. In an article in Houston Chronicle entitled Mother Probes boys Death in Prison, Randy Payne a 23 year old white inmate was attacked by a grouping of about 20 inmates within a week after arriving at the Texas Prison.He later died of head injuries. Allan Turner) Indeed, forcible rape is such a common scenario inside prison that it may happe n in any part of the prison. It could take place inside the shower, bathroom, washroom, and in quiescency areas. Forcible rape must however be distinguished from other forms of sexual abuse that also happens inside prison which is considered as most common and which takes place everyday in prison. This is called the coerced sex. In this scenario, no violence or force takes place but the victim willingly submits to the sexual favors by other inmates.It does not however follow that if sex was not accompanied by force or violence, the inmate has given his react to have sex with the other inmate. It must be stressed that the prison system is a very coercive environment such that it very difficult to ascertain whether the victim has then agreed to consensual sex. This is similar with the confession obtained by police officers to a crime suspect while the latter is being held under their custody. In the same manner as there could be no voluntary confession in this scenario so is the ca se of consensual sex among inmates behind bars.The following are the most common reasons why consensual sex is very rare in prison. They explain why it is possible that even if the inmate has submitted himself to sex, the same is still considered as rape. The first is that the inmate becomes indebted to his other inmate because of some needs. Inside prison, there is widespread use of drugs. For some inmates they may not have the money to buy drugs or even food from other inmates. Another prisoner feigning to desire to befriend this inmate offers him drugs for free. This free offers may include cigarettes, food, water, or even an extra pillow.For some time, this other inmate will make it appear that he merely wants to befriend this other inmate. Later on, he will ask that all these debts be repaid. If the inmate does not have the money then sexual favors might be asked in return. Another scenario is when another inmate poses as a protector of the victim. In this scenario, the group of inmates will set up their victim by threatening the victim with bodily disability and injury. At the point when they are about to hurt their victim, this protector will scare the other group of inmates away.This constant threat he receives from the other groups make the victim fear these inmates. He is then strained to befriend the other inmate who acted as his protector. They later on become close and they become friends. after the frequent protections, the inmate will not ask that his favors be repaid sexually. Male rape is not only a common thing inside prisons, as for female prisoners, the enemy is not their fellow prisoners but much worsened. They are the male prison guards and correctional staff. The problem of sexual abuse among women prisoners is much worse precisely because of their sheer number.Research shows that the United States has earned the distinction of incarcerating the most number of prisoners. Most of these prisoners are women and there number is increasing exponentially. According to studies, since 1980, the number of women entering US prisons has risen by more or less 400% roughly double the incarceration rate increase of malesAccording to current estimates, at least(prenominal) half of all female prisoners have experienced some form of sexual abuse preceding to incarceration (All Too Familiar Sexual Abuse of Women in State Prisons, 1996)It must be stressed that this form of sexual abuse against female prisoners is worse because here the correctional officials not only become remiss in their duty to protect the inmates but they also violate the moral and lawful obligation to them. Also, the male prison guards and correctional staff commit their crime with impunity using not only force but their supreme authority to give these women goods or deny them certain privileges depending on whether they consent to have sex. Lack of Response of Prison Officials The problem of prison rape in our penal institutions is and then immense.Thou gh there have been high-profile cases involving sexual abuse in prison, this problem is far from being resolved. The brand lies in not just one person or institution but in our extraneous attitude to this problem. Society perhaps may think that convicted prisoners deserve this condition inside prison. Surprisingly we will notice that prison and correctional officials are not severely punished for their transgressions. While some have been found guilty, most of the time, the punishment imposed on correctional officials would involve their reassignment to other penal institution and suspension for up to 30 days.They consider this as an administrative numerate. The judiciary which is supposed to protect the oppressed likewise offers no solution to this problem as they would consider this problem as an internal matter and would rather allow prison officials to handle this matter amongst themselves. The indifferent attitude of our correctional officials to one inmate raping another is likewise depressing. Their action on this matter will mainly be limited to transferring the prisoner to another penal facility.I believe that the problem of sexual abuse will be decrease if not prevented not necessarily by punishing prison officials. The response need not be limited to their strict punishment as avoidance measures may be instituted as a matter of prison policy. Most of the time, this problem happens because the prisoner does not know what to expect in prison. He has no knowledge what happens inside prison and he does not know what to do in case something like this happens. In some states, particularly North Carolina, initiatives have been made to prevent rape by an inmate against another by conducting inmate orientation.Among the topics discussed in this orientation are not only the house rules and the day to day activities of the inmates but also information that rape may happen while they are inside the prison and tips on how to avoid getting rape. They should b e prepared on the possible tricks that their fellow inmates may play on them and they should be advised to refuse any offers for food and drugs that they may later on be asked to repay. Secondly, prisoner classification should be given priority by prison officials. It must be stressed that in most prisons the hard core prisoners are mixed with first timers.When this happens the new comer becomes easy target by them. Thus, classification of prisoner and separating those newcomers from the others will provide a good resource against rape. Thirdly, I believe we should start changing our attitudes on the issue of prison rape. This is not just an administrative misconduct but a grave offense. This issue should therefore be addressed seriously and swiftly. If a complaint is received that prison officials has raped an inmate, investigations should be made and he should immediately be prosecuted and turn charges should be immediately filed.

Final Project Outline Essay Example for Free

Final Project Outline prove1. Slide One (Introduction) Should there be a association of uniform chaste standards? Speaker Notes With the flair the beingnesss is today and as the younger kids begin to mature, they have not been taught morals and if they have been taught morals, they seem to desert them at their door step as they venture out into the institution of fiat. In order for society to live in peace and harmony, the United States would need to create uniform moral standards where everyone would have the expected value of abiding by the standards supported by laws. 2. Slide two Moral StandardsSpeaker Notes Morals ar described as how hoi polloi should behave when it comes to right and wrong. Some moral standards could be absolutely no prejudice, absolutely no lying, and people must treat other people with respect and greetesy.3. Third seacoast Levels of punishment.Speaker Notes- Levels of punishment should vary based on the crime committed. When one has a fir st quantify offense, one should receive a lower level punishment verse just aboutone who continues to be a repeat offender, which would deserve the maximum punishment. I strongly deliberate that if a set of uniform moral standards were put into place the world would be a bust place. Crime and corruption would be down. peradventure they should think about the way that foreign countries have a set of uniform moral standards, such as if someone is caught stealing they lose a finger. at that place will always be people who will disagree to the standards but that is to be expected because some people just are set in there ways but that comes with the territory and they take up with the issues now so what would be the divergence?4. Fourth slide Deciding Moral StandardsSpeaker Notes- Based on a voting system, a sheet containing morals standards would be dispersed and the ones that not ballotingd for would be taken off the sheet. After a final review and decision, the U.S. would f orward the sheet to Congress for a concrete decision and then flummox a law.5. Fifth slide Society and Moral StandardsSpeaker Notes Society and Moral Standards would have to be implemented and given a chance to work before a proper judgment could be decided. Until this happens they would be looked at in a negative way. Even though our country is in an sparing crisis, others are still moving here because their country is in worse shape than ours. With the way of the world today people are just walking around in a self-centered regularity worrying about them and having no conscience of their moral or ethical accountability. Negativity seems to plague this world like a man-made disease.6. Sixth slide RetributionSpeaker Notes This seems to be the only way to get people to understand what is going on. Standards have to be set and followed and if they are not followed or laws are broken then the responsible parties that are disobedient to the laws or standards have to be held accountab le and punished to be taught a lesson and possibly send a message to future people who call up to do the same.7. Seventh slide The Supreme CourtSpeaker Notes Beings that the Supreme Court is the highest ranking court in the U.S., having them make the final decision on moral standards will send the message that the standards are set in stone and are not open for review. This gives the people a chance to vote and set their own standards that they themselves have voted in and must abide by.8. Eighth slide Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Speaker Notes Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) created the matt Imperative, in which he believed that practical reasoning, free will, and necessary action are what drives a individual to do what they feel is right.9. Ninth slide John Locke (1632-1704)Speaker Notes The freedom of religion and natural rights was promoted and endorsed by John Locke who was a huge activist. He felt that survival continued to breathe because of following gods law that coincides with a natural moral law. He was a firm believer of do unto others as you would have others do unto you. If people continue to live right then eventually idols law will prevail.10. Tenth slide St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)Speaker Notes St. Aquinas was a Christian who made the Five Ways. These ways were a way that this philosopher looked to prove that God was real. Being a believer in God this philosopher had faith in what was right and what was wrong. Cosmological argument, moral argument, and the argument of project made up the Five Ways that this philosopher created.11. Eleventh slide (conclusion)Speaker Notes I strongly believe that if a set of uniform moral standards were put into place the world would be a better place. Crime and corruption would be down. Maybe they should think about the way that foreign countries have a set of uniform moral standards, such as if someone is caught stealing they lose a finger. There will always be people who will disagree to the standards but that is to be expected because some people just are set in there ways but that comes with the territory and they deal with the issues now so what would be the difference? No matter where we go in this world there will be people who have good morals, bad morals, and some just will not care. The bottom line is as a living species on this earth one must be able to improvise, over come, and adapt to their surroundings whether it is to their benefit or not.Moore Bruder, 2008 Retrieved September 15, 2010 from Axia College PHI105 website

Melon Queen Essay Example for Free

Melon Queen EssayI mention this being turn out of character for her because, although she is a pretty girl, she has never been the pageant type. Going into her senior year of high school, she was the merely girl in her class still participating in three sports volleyball, track, and basketball. She has never been afraid of horseshit or sweat, just not the pageant type. In the months leading up to the contest she and her fellow contestants go to weekly classes with the past years sprite in order to learn the ways of royalty. This includes smiling, walking, waving, talking, and dressing.She would show her fuck off and I what she had learned almost daily and she was getting quite good. As I mentioned before she is not the pageant type and hoped that she would be heartbroken after the contest. The summer went quickly and the festival was upon us. The time had condescend to put on a suit and tie and escort my beautiful girlfriend to the stage, where in attend of a thousand p eople she would walk the runway and answer a difficult question concerning what she would do with $100,000,000. The contestants would be judged by four representatives from different festivals across Ohio.Ten girls were involved in the competition. I mind again how I hoped my daughter would receive a place and avert a broken heart. My married woman and I sat in the front row. We watched and waited while the judges deliberated somewhere out of sight. This process seemed to manoeuvre forever. When actually, after fifteen minutes, the judges came back with their decision. We held our breath as the MC took the envelopes and all ten girls held hands. The maiden announcement was that of Miss Congeniality. Everyone got quiet and my daughters name was called. A feeling of relief and joy came over me.She would not go home empty handed, she had not just won an award, she won the award chosen by her peers. That was something to be proud of. The MC then announced the runners up. Fourth, thir d, second, first then the moment of truth, who would be queen? Then I heard one of the most memorable things of my life, The 2007-2008 Milan Melon Festival Queen is Amanda Richards My daughter had won. I actually thought I was going to faint. Everyone was jumping, cheering, and yelling. The whole extended family surrounded us laughing, crying, and hugging.As I looked up at my daughter and she looked back at me holding her roses and her two trophies in her arms, the smiling on her face will be locked in my memory forever. The next year was filled to the sass with our travels around the state of Ohio with a giant slice of melon in tow. Attending festivals from Circleville to Geneva on the lake, and 26 others in between. The whole experience took us to places in Ohio Ive never heard of and in all probability would never had visited had it not been for my daughters seemingly out of character decision to run for Melon festival Queen.

Receivable Management Essay Example for Free

Receivable Management EssayThe company testament come to know about the existing flaws in the system. The recommendations would help the company to overcome the same. It will too help the company to know which portal is generating more revenue, which position and many early(a) things which generate catch major part of the revenue. pic Management Of Accounts Receivable Management of receivables is a process under which decisions to maximize returns on the investment blocked in them argon taken. Thus, the main objective of management receivable is to maximize the returns on investment in receivables to minimize risk of bad debts etc. Because investment in receivables affects liquidity and profitability, it is, therefore, operative to maintain proper level of receivables. Accounts receivable represent sales that have not yet been self-collected as cash. It explains that merchandise or services in exchange for a customers promise to pay at a certain time in the future. Account s receivables of a firm are created on both the incline of the productive system. On one side of this system, the firm may make advance payments to the suppliers of the raw secular to ensure timely supply, when the supplier holds the monopolistic position.On the other side of the productive system, accounts receivable are created by a firm when it sells its output on doctrine. These are termed as sundry debtors. Sundry Debtors mould nearly 60% of the Accounts Receivables. Four Aspects Of Management Of Sundry Debtors 1. Credit Policy needs to be determined. This involves a trade off between the profit on additional sales that arise due to credit being extended on the one hand and the cost of carrying those debtors and the bad debts losses on the other hand.

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Example for Free

noetic Imagery Vividness Essay reverseThis review examined the hypothesis that cordial tomography colour can be use as a predictor of hallucinatory experience. Earlier studies provided supporting evidences to this hypothesis, showing mad population has high amiable resource colour canvass to nonhallucianting population. However, as a result of varied operationalization and measurements of psychic imaginativeness, contradicting results abound, showing no authoritative diversion of genial vision intensity surrounded by halluciantors and nonhallucinators. No clear evidences can be used to jibe whether the hypothesis is valid or non so far. On the go to pieces hand, development of neurologic studies provided a new location for looking into the relationship amidst psychical imaging and the experience of fallacy.Keywords psychological kind resourcefulness vividness, phantasm, schizophrenic psychosisMental Imagery Vividness as a Predictor of Hallucina tion A Literature Review Mental imagination, as defined by Finke (1989), is an experience significantly resembling that of perceiving, but it occurs in the absence of an adequate physical stimulus. It exists in all of the seven sensory modalities, such(prenominal) as optic, auditive, and olfactive (Thomas, 1999). Mental imaginativeness is believed to be in close relationship with some core psychological mechanisms such as perception and memory, and holding its unique role in contributing to cognitive performance (Kosslyn, 1994). For example, evidences suggested that visual imagery ability predicts visuospatial memory performance (Kail, 1997). Hallucination is an experience that immensely resembles cordial imagery, because of its perceptual reputation as well as absence of appropriate stimuli (Sack, Van de Ven, Etschenberg, Schatz, Linden, 2005). Nevertheless, the two distinguish from each other by the individuals ability of voluntary secure, as well as his/her ability to det ermine the source of the experience.Specifically, mental imagery is customaryly regarded as being actively generated and can be by design controlled, composition illusion is most times beyond intention and control. The operator of mental imagery is commonly aw be of its informal source, while non necessarily so hallucinator. (Bentall, 1990). Hallucination, particularly the form of audile communicatory hallucinations (AVH), is an important hallmark of dementia praecox (Wible, 2009). AVH is the perception of voices in the absence of sensory input. AVH has distinct clinical significance, as it affects about 70% of patients with schizophrenic psychosis (Sartorius et al., 1978 Silbersweig Stern, 1996). Further more(prenominal), there direct been increasing evidences supporting that hallucination is not a rare case in non-clinical population, either.It is now believed to exist on a spectrum from comparably innocuous forms in non-clinical population to a more pathological man ifestation in schizophrenics (see review by Bentall, 1990). Because of its significant entailment in psychopathology, continuous work has been going on to find out the risk factors and predictors for hallucination. The relationship surrounded by mental imagery and hallucination has interested researchers for coarse because of their shared features. Among all the characteristics of mental imagery that are potentially link up with hallucination, vividness has been most substantively examined. This review summarized theories and semiempirical evidences for the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination. Although still in its budding stage, relevant neurological evidences were to a fault examined.Theoretical ModelsVividness of mental imagery can be defined as the degree of perceptual detail experienced when having a mental image (Oertel et al., 2009). It has been associated with hallucination and schizophrenia for decades. In 1883, Galton suggested that change magnitude vividness of mental imagery world power be associated with hallucinatory experiences (as cited in Aleman, Bocker, de Haan, 1999). Later in the 20th century, West (1962) and Horowitz (1975) proposed separate models suggesting that hallucinations were mental images derived from internal source, but mis ingestnly attributed to external source. More particular(prenominal)ally, the model suggested that vividness of perception was typically higher than that of mental imagery. As vividness of mental imagery increased, it became more difficult for the individual to decide its source as internal or external, and eventually these images could grow into hallucinatory.This model suggested that mental imagery and hallucination shared primal features and were possibly on the same continuum. Johnson and Raye (1981) back up the importance of imagery vividness, stating that memories from internal and external sources could usually be differentiated by compare the amount of sensory, contextual and semantic attributes of events. Mintz and Alpert (1972) developed their model relevant to mental imagery vividness as well. They proposed that vividness of imagery was not the only factor contributing to hallucination. jibe to their line, increased vividness of imagery, and impaired reality testing, referring to the ability to recognize the distortions in nonpareils sustain perception, are necessary but not sufficient prerequisites to generation of hallucination. Bentall (1990) summarized predecessors work and introduced the concept of reality difference the idea that hallucinators mistake their own internal, mental, or private events for external, publicly observable events.They stated that one typewrite of information used in the reality discrimination process was the amount of sensory information turn over in conscious rich sensory information implied a perception being experiences, while short(p) sensory information implied a mental imagery. Following thi s argument, individuals who have the propensity to construct images rich in sensory details are more likely to experience their internal imagery as a perception experience, and thus resulting in hallucination. Barrett (1993) provided empirical evidences in support of the above hypothesis, yet he also pointed out some questions of the model. He argued that it was unclear where the locus of the imagery effects was.The imagery vividness discrepancy between individuals with and without hallucinations could be the result of either storage or retrieval difference of sensory information. Specifically, it could be that hallucinators were able to store more abundant sensory information than nonhallucinators and it could also be that hallucinators were better at retrieving sensory information than nonhallucinators, with same storage capacity.Despite of some questioning opinions, there are in truth limited direct theoretical dissents or alternative models. Holt (1972) is one of the very few th at he argued that hallucination and mental imagery involved independent dodges and should not correlate with each other. However, this is not saying that the hypotheses of mental imagery vividness and hallucination have not been subject to scrutinize. A large amount of researchers have attempted to verify or disprove these hypotheses through empirical evidences. Below is an incomplete summary of the empirical studies that are relevant.Empirical EvidencesEvidences in SupportMintz and Alpert (1972) provided empirical evidences in support of their own hypothesis. Their study prime that auditive hallucinating schizophrenics had a significantly higher vividness of auditory mental imagery comparing to non-hallucinating controls. They also set an impaired ability to assess the accuracy of auditory perceptions in hallucinating schizophrenics. mistakable results were presented by other studies. Barrett (1993) open up that nonclinical subjects with hallucinations had higher vividness of mental imagery, and at the same time, had lower control of these images comparing to nonclinical subjects without hallucinations. Barretts (1993) study differed from that of Mintz and Alpert (1972) in the sense that he assessed mental imagery vividness on all seven sensory modalities, with one single factor emerged after factor analysis widely distributed imagery vividness factor.In another study by Bocker (2000), no group difference in perceptual acuity was identified between the schizophrenia group and the normal controls, suggesting perceptual degradation is not a reason for hallucination. For the hallucinating schizophrenia patients, the vividness for visual imagery was significantly lower than control, while that for auditory imagery was not. Although the decreased visual mental imagery contradicted with earlier studies, the relatively high auditory mental imagery ability suggested the possibility that auditory imagery for hallucinating patients was more percept-like and thus harder to differentiate, which is in line with the fact that most of the patients experienced hallucinations in auditory modality.Evidences in ContradictionBrett and Starker (1977) found no significant difference of auditory mental imagery vividness between hallucinating schizophrenics, nonhallucinating schizophrenics medical patients with no history of psychiatric problems. Starker and Jolin (1982) also found no significantly different vividness strength of auditory mental imagery between schizophrenics, possible schizophrenics, or nonschizophrenic psychiatrics, nor between schizophrenic subgroups of currently hallucinatory, previously hallucinatory, or nonhallucinatory. In fact, Starker and Jolin (1982) suggested that hallucinating schizophrenics might actually have less vivid auditory imagery than schizophrenics who had never hallucinated. Aleman et al.s (1999) study revealed interesting results.In their study, hallucinating subjects reported higher imagery vividness than nonhal lucinating controls when inherent (self-report) measures were used to measure vividness. However, the pattern was reversed (i.e. hallucinating subjects demonstrated lower mental imagery vividness) when accusing measure was used. Van de Ven and Merckelbach (2003) examined the mental imagery vividness and head game proneness in non-clinical population with and without hallucination experiences. They found that although subjects with hallucination scraped higher on mental imagery vividness than subjects without such experiences, their imagery vividness was highly correlated with their fantasy proneness. Further analysis indicated that hallucination experience was better predicted by fantasy proneness, comparing to mental imagery vividness.Sack and his colleagues (2005) incorporated in their study measures sensitive to cognitive capacity, in order to rule it out as a confounding variable. Their results showed that paranoid schizophrenics reported higher vividness of mental imagery in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, controlling for general intelligence and psychomotor despatch of the subjects. More importantly, the higher imagery vividness of paranoid schizophrenics was not statistically dependent of the patients individual psychopathology, including the heraldic bearing of hallucinations. The authors thus argued that mental imagery could be an independent trait soft touch of schizophrenia, and it operated on a separate system with hallucination for schizophrenics. Sack and colleagues (2005) also found that patient group performed worse on tasks that overlook involvement of mental imagery processes, which could indicate an impaired overall mental imagery ability.However, this performance deficit could be attributed to general cognitive capacity deficit. In comparison, Doninger, Silipo, Rabinowics, Snodgrass and Javitt (2001) conducted a study with a task that was more purely targeted at mental imagery ability without time constraint. Their results also revealed worse performance from schizophrenia patients comparing to healthy controls. Results of these studied implied the possibility that group difference in vividness of mental imagery is not due to an enhancement of mental imagery abilities, but to alter information processing. Oertel and colleagues (2009) conducted a set ahead study to address the question that whether vividness of mental imagery is a trait marker of the schizophrenia spectrum (i.e. including non-clinical population with schizophrenia-like traits schizotypy) that is independent of presence of hallucination.Subjects include schizphrenia patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, as well as high- and low-schizotypy healthy controls. Results showed significantly higher mental imagery vividness across all modalities in schizophrenics, first-degree relatives, as well as high-schizotypy controls comparing to low-schizotypy controls, with cognitive abilities controlled. In replication of Sack et al.s work, this study also revealed that the vividness of mental imagery and hallucinations were independent of each other. Results also indicated that first-degree relatives obtained highest score in vividness, and high-schizotypy controls score did not differ significantly from that of schizophrenia patients.The results strengthened Sack et al.s (2005) argument that vivid imagery is a trait marker of schizotypyrather, and could be related to the genetic liability to develop schizophrenia. However, longitudinal studies including premorbid selective information are required for further investigation. tam-tam and Halligan (2010) repeated Oertel et al.s study on high- and low-schizotypy population with a larger sample size, yet with a different measure of schizotypy and a specific assessment of visual mental imagery. Their results revealed no significant difference on visual mental imagery vividness between the two groups.Explanation for Results VariationAlthough large varia tions exist across different studies, it is not justified to say whether the hypothesis of high mental imagery vividness predicts hallucination has been rejected or not. The main reason for failing to do so is that procedures, especially the measures of mental imagery, of these studies varies a lot, thus leaving considerable space for alternative explanations. Specifically, some of the measures were subjective scale (i.e. self-report), while some of the measures were heading (i.e. behavioral tasks). On the other hand, some of the measures assess mental imagery vividness of a single sensory modality, while some of them assess mental imagery vividness as a whole across all seven sensory modalities. Subjective Measure vs. bearing Measure of Mental ImageryKosslyn, Brunn, Cave and Wallach (1984) had presented an insignificant relation between performance on an fair game task of visual imagery acuity and a self-report imagery vividness measure, indicating that subjective and objective measures of imagery vividness may not be necessarily measuring the same constructs and/or processes. Aleman et al. (1999) pointed out that objective and subjective mental imagery measures could yield contradictory results within the normal population. This distinction could be confessedly for clinical population as well. For example, Mintz and Alpert (1972) utilized subjective measures (suggestion paradigms or self-report measures) and obtained the finding of an association between increased mental imagery and hallucinations, while Bocker et al. (2000) used a more objective mental imagery task, resulting in insignificant difference of mental imagery performance between patients and controls.Aleman et al. (1999), who generated contradicting results of subjective and objective measures in one study, summarized the disadvantages of subjective and objective measures. For subjective measures, the process of introspection is involved, which is an ability varied across individuals, and ca n be especially impaired in hallucinating and/or schizophrenia populations. Also, the effect of social demand could form a subjects self-report, depending on how the concept of mental imagery vividness is interpreted. Subjects idiosyncratic definition of imagery vividness also heavily impact his/her self-report. For objective measures, tasks are not real-life resembling, which can fail to evaluate ones true capacity in daily life.In addition, commonly used objective measures fail to purely target at the vividness of mental imagery alone, other processes such as conceptualization and reasoning are in effect as well. In addition, the contents of cued mental images could largely vary across individuals. Standardized scoring procedure fail to take into account these confounding processes and experiences, indicating that high imagery vividness does not guarantee a high score as it is designed to, and vice versa. General Mental Imagery vs. Single Sensory Modality Mental Imagery Barrett ( 1993) introduced the idea of general imagery vividness factor. If that is a valid factor, then measurement of general mental imagery vividness and measurement of single sensory modality imagery vividness could be more different than the mere part-whole relationship. Mintz and Alpert (1972) measured auditory imagery vividness only, and Barrett (1993) measured general mental imagery vividness.These two studies both resulted in significant difference of imagery vividness between halluciantors and controls. However, Brett and Starker (1977) and Starker and Jolin (1982) both measured auditory only imagery vividness and resulted in no significant difference between hallucinators and controls. In addition, in replication of Oertels (2009) study, Bell and Halligan (2010) changed the general imagery vividness measure to a visual-specific mental imagery measure, and their results differed from that of Oertel et al.. Bell and Halligan (2010) proposed that vividness per se might not be modality specific, and this argument is in line with the modality-independent salience dysregulation theories of psychosis and the psychosis continuum (Murray, Lappin, Di Forti., 2008).Neurological EvidenceDespite of the fact that neurological evidences for mental imagery and hallucination experiences did not start to bloom until late 20th century (Linden et al., 2010) and that there is no specific neurological evidence for mental imagery vividnesss relationship with hallucination, this session is included as it provides new perspectives on how experiences of mental imagery and hallucination overlap. Evidences from earlier studies suggested that imagery and hallucinations were associated with overlapping neural networks (Allen, Laroi, McGuire, Aleman, 2008). McGuire et al. (1995) and Shergill et al. (2001) found that auditory mental imagery and auditory hallucination were involved with overlaps in fronto temporal language circuits. In terms of the main difference between hallucination an d mental imagery voluntary controllability, Linden et al. (2011) speculated that it was generated from the altered forward model of sensory productions.Forward model (Wolpert, Ghahramani, Jordan, 1995) stated that perceptual consequences were predicted upon known actions, and the prediction in turn influenced the actual experience of the self-generated action. The forward model could be in effect in speech production. According to it, self-generated speech is subject to prediction of resulted sensory experience. This hypothesis was partially supported by Linden et al.s (2011) study. They found that the voice-selective area on the banks of superior temporal sulcus (STS) was consistently trigger off during auditory hallucination and voluntary auditory mental imagery.This area had been regarded as reacting to external sensory arousal only, but it was later speculated of having been monitoring the self-generated speech in mental imagery and hallucination. Linden et al. (2011) identi fied in their study that the monitoring and modulating functioning of relevant auditory regions were disturbed in nonclinical hallucinators, resulting in the likelihood of attributing internally generated speech to external sources. These budding evidences suggested that hallucination and mental imagery indeed share unplumbed neural networks and do not operate on completely distinctive systems. However, detailed examinations of the activity of these neural networks in terms of different features of mental imagery and hallucination, as well as differed neural system contributing to their differences are still in need.ConclusionMental imagery vividness has interested researchers for long because of their potential relationship with the experience of hallucination. However, empirical studies have resulted in contradicting results. Earlier studies proposed that increased vividness of mental imagery is a predictor of hallucination, and they have found that higher mental imagery vividnes s was related with hallucination experiences. Nevertheless, many of the later replications with various methodological modifications failed to reproduce any significant relationship.Because of the variations of measurement of mental imagery vividness, it is hard to decide whether the hypothesis of the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination can be rejected or not. The development of neuroscience based study methods provided a new perspective of testing the hypothesis. Current neurological studies have focused on neural activity comparison between general mental imagery process and hallucination experience. More specific studies targeting at features of mental imagery and hallucination are needed to provide a higher-level understanding of the relationship between the two experiences. prolongationAleman, A., Bocker, K.B.E., de Haan, E.H.F. (1999). Disposition towards hallucinations and subjective versus objective vividness of imagery in normal subjects. geniu s and Individual Differences, 27, 707-714. Allen, P., Laroi, F., McGuire, P., Aleman, A. (2008). Thehallucinating judgment a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 175-191. Barrett, T.R. (1993). Verbal hallucinations in normals, II Self-reported imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 61-67. 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Individual differences in mental imagery ability A computational analysis. Cognition, 18, 195-243. Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., Jackson, M. C. (2011). The brains voices Comparingnonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 330337. McGuire, P., Silbersweig, D., Murray, R., David, A., Frackowiak, R. Frith C. (1996). Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 26, 29-38. Mintz, S., Alpert, M. (1972). Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 310-316. Murray, R.M., Lappin, J., Di Forti, M. (2008). Schizophre nia from developmental aberrance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S129-S134. Oertel, V., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Haenschel, C., Grube, M., Stangier, U., Maurer, K., Liden, D. E. J. (2009). Mental imagery vividness as a trait marker across the schizophrenia spectrum. 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An active perception approach to conscious mental content. Cognitive Science, 23, 207-245. Van de Ven, V., Merckelbach, H. (2003). The role of schizotypy, mental imagery, and fantasy proneness in hallucinatory reports of undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 889896. West, L. J. (Ed.). (1962). A general surmise of hallucinations and dreams. New York, NY Grune Stratton. Wible, C. G., Lee, K., Molina, I., Hashimoto, R., Preus, A. P., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. M., Mathalon, D. H., McCarthey, G., Turner, J. A., Potkin, S. G., OLeary, D., Belger, A., Diaz, M., Voyvodic, J., Brown, G. G., Notestine, R., Greve, D., Lauriello, J. FBINA. (2009). fMRI